Through numerical experiment using simplified OSU-ID PBL(Oregon State University One-Dimensional Planetary Boundary Layer) model and field measurement, we studied the impacts of vegetation canopy on heat island that was one of the characteristics of local climate in urban area. It was found that if the fraction of vegetation was extended by 10 percent, the maximum air temperature and the maximum ground temperature can come down about 0.9℃, 2.3℃, respectively. Even though the field measurement was done under a little unstable atmospheric condition, the canopy air temperature was lower in the daytime, and higher at night than the air and ground temperature. This result suggests that the extention of vegetation canopy can bring about more pleasant local climate by causing the oasis, the shade and the blanket effect.

To verify the accuracy of the numerical experiment of Part I, measurements at the matured rice canopy located around Junam reservoir were performed at August 14, 1995. According to the measured data, the foliage temperature recorded the highest value, and the ground temperature was the lowest around noon, and these results coincided with those of the numerical experiment using the combined model of Part I. From the estimation using measured data, the maximum value of the latent heat flux was 380 Wm2, the highest value among energy balance terms, and the energy redistribution ratio of the latent heat flux was averaged as 0.5, the highest values among redistribution ratios. These results are the same as those of the numerical experiment in tendency, but they reveals a little lower in the absolute values than those from the numerical experiment.

To estimate the thermal effect of the vegetation canopy on the surface sublayer environment numerically, we used the combined model of Pielke's1) single layer model for vegetation and Deardorff's2) Force restore method(FRM) for soil layer. Application of present combined model to three surface conditions, ie., unsaturated bare soil, saturated bare soil and saturated vegetation canopy, showed followings; The diurnal temperature range of saturated vegetation canopy is only 20K, while saturated bare soil and unsaturated bare soil surface are 30K, 35K, respectively. The maximum temperature of vegetation canopy occurs at noon, about 2 hours earlier than that of the non-vegetation cases. The peak latent heat fluxes of vegetation canopy is simulated as a 600Wm2 a at 1300 LST. They have higher values during afternoon than beforenoon. Furthermore, the energy redistribution ratios to latent heat fluxes also increased in the late afternoon. Therefore, oasis effect driving from the vegetation canopy is reinforced during late afternoon compared with the non-vegetated conditions.

Meteorological measurements were carried out in the basin of Cheong-Kwan located Yang-San near Pusan city, from Oct. 30 to Nov. 1, 1988. According to the measured data, we verified the close relationship between the variation of nocturnal inversion layer and the meteorological elements. The nocturnal inversion layer by radiative cooling in this site extends up to 130 meters or so. And the nocturnal jet appears just above or at the top of the inversion layer, and the stronger of the prevailing wind blows, and the lower of the jet level appears. Some meteorological features such as heating, cooling etc., began to change in or in the slightly higher level of the inversion layer, when they are formed, reinforced and disappeared. And the air in the basin preserves its character because it is not affected by local scale air flow.

To research the cause of the low and the poor visibility phenomena of Kimhae international airport statistically, we analyzed the field routine data for the last five years from 1985 to 1989. The poor visibilities below l㎞, 3㎞, and 5㎞ usually occurred at about 6 o`clock in the morning under the condition of calm or light wind from south to southwest direction, and lasted for from 1 to 3 hours. They were caused by the radiative cooling and the inflow of moisture from the South Sea. The frequency of the low visibility(below 9㎞) recorded 48.1% a year. And the low visibility below 8㎞ with relative humidity below 70% often occurred in the case of southeast, southwest, and northwest wind. And it reveals a peak at 11:00 a.m.. It is supposed to be caused by the pollutants flowing from the neighbouring industrial complex, Sasang, Jangnim and by the photochemical reaction. And, when the industrial complex is built in Sinho, Myongji, Noksan located southwest, and Changyu area located northwest direction from Kimhae international airport, the visibility and the air pollution may become worse and worse by the increased pollutants.

We identified two characteristic turbulent flow cases, weakening and strengthening, which appear at the downwind side. Observations were made two times, Dec. 2-3. 1995 and Feb. 13-14. 1996 at Pusan National University site located downwind side of Kumjeong mountain. Meteorological observation system, tethersonde, was adopted to present observation. In the case of the west wind which blows perpendicular to Sanghak mountain located westward from the site, the wind speed highly increased in exponential with height. Therefore, the low level wind speed was so weak just like Taylor(1988)`s review. While the wind speed was intensified at 200-400m layer when the northwest wind blows from the continental Siberian high. We suppose it is because of the strong vertical convergence of flow between the surface inversion layer and the upper one, and also the horizontal convergence along the saddle and valley between the two mountains, Kumjeong and Sanghak-because of Bernoulli`s effect. The inversion layer existed at surface-100m and 500-600m level and the strong wind existed at about 200-400m layer.

In order to discuss the differences among the SMAP(Surface Moisture Availability Parameter), by previous researchers on the basis of their own theoretical and empirical background, we assessed the SMAP according to the soil types and volumetric soil water contents. The results are as follows. There are differences among all the five SMAPs. There`s a tendency that the larger grain size, the higher value of parameters. And they divided into two groups for their value: one group has parameters with exponential function and the other with cosine and linear function. The maximum difference between the two groups appears when the volumetric soil water contents are 0.07㎥m^-3 for sand, 0.11㎥m^-3 for loam, 0.12 for clay, and 0.13㎥m^-3 for silt loam. So, these differences must be considered when we estimate the surface evaporation rate. From field data, the paddy field soil around Junam reservoir is classified as a silt, has high wetness, 0.56. So, the parameter obtained from the field measurement is much higher than that of Clapp and Hornberger(1978)`s Table. This study treated the SMAP for a certain point of time in winter season. But if we measured the soil water contents continuously, we could obtain better time-dependent parameter.

It is very important to assess accurately the terms which are included in the heat budget equation of soil surface because they are used in the GCM and meso-scale circulation modeling as well as in the micrometeorological studies. Each terms in the heat budget equation change according to the soil moisture content. So, it is necessary to specify clearly the relations between soil moisture content and these terms. Special experiment with ricrometeorological measurements was executed to study these relations at Environmental Research Center of Tsukuba University, Japan. The results are as follow: 1. The soil moisture contents of 1 ㎝ and 4 ㎝ depth are oscillated with one day period in drying process and the amplitude of variation of l cm depth is greater than that of 4 ㎝. 2. Increase in soil moisture contents due to precipitation result in decrease of albedo with step function. 3. Sensible heat is in reverse proportion to the soil moisture content and latent heat is in direct proportion to it. Latent heat is more sensitive than sensible heat according to the soil moisture variation. Net long wave radiation have high correlation with soil moisture. 4. Comparing with the radiative term with the flux term in wetting process due to precipitation, the energy transfer of the aero and thermodynamic flux is greater than that of the radiative heat flux.