The theories of Korean Public Art originated by the artists who were against dictatorship and they associated with democratic politicians. They criticized the Fine art that were supported by the dictatorship and gave their efforts for restoration of ‘resistance paintings(against dictatorship)’, ‘proletarian painting’, ‘realism painting’. In addition, they participated new social ideology(democracy) movement and demonstrated for their rights in arts. These became the main kernel the public art theory was initiated. The public artists splitted into several different parts and participated in the democratic social movement as well as the art movement for freedom. They opened various art exhibitions within different genre, diverse space for various art section such as an exhibition hall, a factories, a university, or a congregation square. Furthermore, the public art theorists published their divergent views through newspaper/broadcasting or unauthorized printed materials. Most of the public artist and the theorists kept their relationship strongly until 1985, the time when ‘ National Arts Association’ started. In 1983 and 1984, they were clearly separated into two parts; artists(move only in art museums) and activists(move in public spaces like school, convention square etc). Their ideological separation also took out national problems. The division; professional artists and armatures, became the social issue as a social stratification matter. And in creating method, there are also other conflicts; critical realism, and public realism as well as western painting and traditional one. These kinds of separation and conflicts made different Public artists associations, under divergent names; ‘Reality and Speak’(R&S), ‘KwangJu Art Association’, ‘Durung’, ‘Dang(Land)’, and ‘Local Youth Students Association’. In addition, their ideology and pursuit toward art movements were very difference. However, the differences and conflicts weakened When the oppression of democratic education from new dictatorship(Pres. Jun, Doo Hwan) came out. In August. 1985 the government opened to the public so called, 'The draft of School stabilization law'(Hankwon Anjung Bup) to control the teachers' rights and that initiated bigger street demonstration and conflicts between police and educators. In November.1985, assembly meeting of National Arts Association in democracy opened as ‘ONE’ combined organization. In this presentation, I'd like to summarize the stream of art movement until 1984, and clarify the main art theories that lead the Public Art Movements in 1980s. The main theories in 1980s are crucial because they become the origin of public art theories. This presentation started with O,youn's ｢Hyunsil Dong In the first declaration｣ and explained the absent of practice in 1970s. In addition, Won, Dong Suk 's theory was mentioned as all over struggles in theories before 1980s. GA and R&S 's founding declarations in 1970s were the start of public art theorists' activities and this article reported the activities after the declarations. First, realism base on the consciousness of reality. Second, practice art democratization based on the ideology. Third, the subject of public art movement based on understanding people's social stratification structure. Fourth, the matters of national forms and creative ways in arts based on showing reality. Fifth, the strong points in arts that the practitioners accepted. About the public art theories around 1984, I discussed the dividing point of public art theories that were shown in ‘generation theory’, ‘organization theory’, and ‘popularization theory’ by the practitioners. The public realism theory that subjects the contradiction of reality and point out the limits of critical realism not only showing the new creative ways but also giving the feeling of solidarity to the public art activist groups. After that, public art movements expressed ‘Dismentlement of Capitalism’ and ‘Public revolution’. In addition, the direction of public art movements were established strongly. There were various opinions and views during the start and formation of the public art theories. The foundation of theorists activities derived from the practitioners who had the concept based on stratification and nationalism. The strong trend of group division spreaded out by practitioners who opened art work together in factories, universities, squares and rural areas. Now many lively active practitioners are gone to the other field not related with arts, and others join into professional art field not public art one with unknown reason. The theorists have the same situation with the practitioners. It means to me that theory always have to be based on the practice.

Steel, concrete and their combination materials are the most 6commonly used materials for civil engineering structural systems such as buildings, bridge structures and other structures. Recently, however, fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites, a relatively new composite material made of fibers and polymer resins, have been gradually used in structural systems as an alternative structural material. This paper describes a comparison of design strength equations for steel column and FRP composite column based on design philosophies. The safety factors used in allowable stress design (ASD) are relatively higher in FRP structural design than steel structural design. Column critical stress equations of FRP composites column from an experimental study can be represented by Euler elastic buckling equation at the long-range of slenderness, and an exponential form at the short-range of slenderness as defined in Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) of steel column. The column strength of steel and FRP composite columns in large slenderness is independent of material strength, this result verified the elastic buckling equation as derived by Eq. (15) and Eq. (5).

Due to the increasingly serious environmental problems presented by waste tires, the feasibility of using elastic and flexible tire-rubber particles as aggregate in concrete is investigated in this study. Tire-rubber particles is composed of tire chips, crumb rubber, and a combination of tire chips and crumb rubber. Experimental work of Waste Rubber Particle Reinforced Mortar(WRPRM) have been conducted in the form of cube specimens [50mm x 50mm x 50mm], beam specimens [40mm x 40mm x 160mm] mixed with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% of rubber particle. We executed test for compression strength test, bending strength test on 7 days, 14days, 28days and percentage of moisture content test on 28days after initial curing. In this study, We studied the initial strength of WRPRM. But, in order to understand the reinforcing effect of the rubber particles, we need to execute a test of Waste Rubber Particle Reinforced Concrete(WRPRC).

This paper describes the creep results of experimental testing of GFRP / Aluminum composite beam strengthened RC beams under the two different sustained loads. Specimens have been designed and fabricated to reflect the most common RC beams used in school buildings.

This paper describes the results of experimental testing of GFRP composite beam strengthened reinforced concrete (RC) slabs with two symmetrical openings. The aim of this study is to investigate the most effective strengthening method using GFRP composite beams in slabs with openings for enhancing the load-carrying capacity and stiffness. Test results showed that the strengthened slabs seem to increase the load-carrying capacity by 29%, 21% and 12% over that of the control specimen for diagonal, parallel and surround strengthening, respectively. Furthermore, test results showed that diagonal-strengthened system is one of the most effective methods for RC slab with openings in terms of load-carrying capacity, stiffness and crack patterns.

The acoustic emission technique (AE) was implemented to assess long-term performance of concrete beams (reinforced with glass fiber reinforced polymers (GFRP) and steel bars) exposed to an aggressive combination of high temperature and humidity. This study presents the results and discussions of an experimental study concerning AE characteristics of long-term behaviors of concrete beams reinforced with GFRP and steel bars after accelerated

다양한 요인에 의해 성능이 저하된 철근콘크리트 구조물은 보수․보강 공법이 요구된다. 현재 다양한 공법과 신소재를 이용한 보강법의 개발이 진행 중에 있다. 최근에 섬유보강 복합체(FRP)를 이용한 보강공법이 주목받고 있으며, 많은 연구와 개발이 진행 중에 있다. 본 논문에서는 FRP-알루미늄 유공복합보로 보강된 RC보의 화재거동에 관한 실험결과를 제시하고자 한다. 사전가력으로 손상시킨 RC보에 FRP-알루미늄 유공복합보로 보강후 화재노출시킨 결과, 손상율이 높아질수록 화재노출에 더욱 많은 영향을 받았으며, 보강효과가 떨어짐을 실험결과 나타났다.