This article aims to delineate the definitions of missionary member care and its needs to the Korean churches, suggest its biblical and theological foundations, factors of missionary member care and the Heartstream model, and a cooperative system of missionary member care. Member care can be defined as consistent and systematic supports of sending agencies, sending churches, local ministers to the all mission personnels who are missionary, MK, mission administrators and other participators for their wellbeing, development, and nurturing. Member care deals with the lifelong issues of mission personnels such as selection, training, ministry, reentry, retirement. It's ultimate goal is for the glory of God. The best practice of member care is possibly achieved when self care and mutual care of the member are well balanced to the accountable, systematic and strategic care of the mission organizations and sending churches. Though member care is sustained by well organized care system and programs, the biblical and theological foundations of member care is God's care and mutual love and care of the member. The urgent need for member care has been suggested by a serious issue of missionary attrition. Researches on missionary attrition(ReMap I and II) show the corelation between high rate of missionary attrition and poor member care. This result indicates that the Korean churches and mission agencies have emphasized on sending and visible outcome of mission work without an appropriate care of the mission personnels they sent. In this article the Heartstream’s communitycentered intensive care model(SPARE Yourself) is suggested for Korean mission personnels. It consists of 5 dimensions or streams of member care from an holistic perspective: spiritual care, physical care, actualization, relational care, and emotional care. In order to integrate these five dimensions, sustainable and wellfunctioned member care system building must be needed for an effective member care practice. The member care system can be built on the participation of sending churches, mission agencies, and professional member care centers. These factors of member care are applicable to different contexts or stages that missionaries would face in mission fields. First of all member care must be carried at its best for the purpose of prevention. The preventative care can be performed at best in prefield missionary training. Secondly member care through various methods of intervention focuses on solving the problems finding out those roots and causes. Thirdly crisis management or care is carried in very urgent cases such as kidnapping, death, life threatening physical illness or psychosomatic crisis. These three dimensions of member care can be applied in prefield, onfield, reentry, retirement setting to all mission personnels. The urgent need for member care needs to be keenly recognized by the Korean church and mission agencies. The mission of God begins from the God's heart and He cares for His people and church. This is core of member care.

This paper aims to deal with the background of emergence of the missional church, to analyse changing cultural context in Korea, to suggest indicators of the missional church, and to delineate the essence, leadership and ministry, and structure of the missional church. In conclusion, it simply evaluates the Korean church based on the practical discourse of the missional church and suggest a future outlook of the Korean church. The emergence of the missional church(or the missional ecclesiology) orginated from Lesslie Newbigin's mission work and his mission theology. It has been expanded to the movement, so-called “the Gospel and Our Culture conversation” in the early 1980s in England. The missional challenge Lesslie Newbigin faced was the missional response in between the gospel and western worldview. Influences of the movement has spread by American missiologists as it formed a “network” in the mid 1980s in north America. In the early 1990s north American churches had been loosing social credibility due to the influences of materialism and secularism. In this situation “Gospel and Our Culture Network” became spreading its influences on the church and society by producing books and articles which contained missional insights and analyses of the north American church and American culture. The church's reaction to changing cultural context can be shown in three modes: (1) relevancy; (2) resistance; and (3) adaptation. But these approaches distort the essence of the gospel and cannot properly cope with the rapidly changing context. So we need a new approach in order to overcome the limits of these approaches. This must be a missional church that is grounded on the Bible and sensitively responds rapid culture change, and is created and led by the Holy Spirit. The missional church that firmly responds to a changing cultural context is a forming and reforming church as being called by the triune God and sent to the world. That is, the church must be both confessional and missional. The missional church reveals the triune God in the encounter between the gospel and culture. The very reason that the missional church exists in the world is not because of human purpose or hope, but the result of creating and redeeming work of God in the world. Therefore to participate in the mission of triune God(Missio Dei ) who calls the church, sends it to the world, and renews it in the power of the Holy Spirit is a long journey that A key of the formation of a missional community is missional leadership. The essence of the church, being the church, determines the ministry and structure of the church. The missional leadership is incarnational(servant leadership) and apostolic leadership. The holistic leadership that mobilizes believers to various ministries is closely related to the doctrine of priesthood of all believers and is a leadership form which equips believers to be ministers. The five leadership roles, apostle, prophet, evangelist, pastor, and teacher, which are shown in the book of Ephesian, are decisive factors determinating on the church's ministry. These concepts of Christian ministry claims a paradigm shift from clergy-centered hierarchical leadership to divine gift-centered lay leadership. In order to verify the fact that the church is missionary in essence, the church must rediscover the gospel. A church trying to restoring the gospel can find crucified and risen Jesus Christ, and firmly realizes the meaning of Christian discipleship in carrying out the great commission, and is empowered to live out the gospel in every sphere of its life.

The purpose of this article is to suggest John Wesley’s attempt to church renewal in the 18th century England through exploring his ecclesiology. This article deals with patterns of church renewal as it uses Wesley’s ecclesiology and Howard Snyder’s mediated model of church renewal, and attempts to rediscover of the essence of the church, and finds out clues of renewal and transformation of the Korean church along with the lessons given to the Korean church today. John Wesley constructed a very creative ecclesiology which was integrated various insights given by innovative renewal movements in the early church and the church history along with the understanding of the traditional church. Therefore John Wesley's understanding of the church can be understood through his renewal movement. Also his ecclesiology emphasizes the community for renewal of the church. In fact, Wesley's original intention was to form a organic community, that is, “ecclesiola in ecclesia.” In order to achieve his church renewal ministry Wesley suggested a integrated(holistic) renewal model that would keep the balance between institution and movement. Some characteristics of a renewed church is a living organism not just a institution or organization. The renewed church is charismatic community. Church renewal movement can not be separable with the kingdom of God. In this sense, Howard A. Snyder suggests five dimensions of John Wesley’s church renewal movement. First, it is individual renewal as it takes place in believer's personal repentance and conversion. It is spiritual renewal. But it is not just spiritual but communal. Unless there is no true community, individual renewal cannot be taken place. Second, communal renewal means a shared faith in a community as it happened when the church experiences God's transforming work. Third, conceptual renewal(or theological renewal) means a paradigm shift in theology. In this aspect, every great renewal movements are closely related to conceptual renewal. Fourth, structural renewal is to change forms and structures of which the church uses. Thus, the church must be changed in cultural contexts. Institutionalized and rigid structures of the church can often hinder the work of the Holy Spirit. Even though structural change is not the starting point of renewal, it can keep the renewal movement continue. Fifth, missional renewal of the church is about passion of proclaiming the gospel as the essential call of the church. Missional renewal can be accomplished when the church rediscover the essence of mission. This is not for the church itself but for the kingdom of God. The church that is internally renewed must have missional renewal. In this sense, the Korean church can learn from John Wesley’s renewal movement which attempted to renew the church by forming the authentic community connected with the kingdom of God.

This article aims to analyze and apply to the Great Revival Movement of Pyugyang 1907 by using the revitalization movement model of Anthony Wallace with the complement of the innovation model of Homer Barnet. Socio-cultural change is the result of any transformation of customs, values, and ways of thinks or behaviors in a society. The religious meaning of this change is the worldview change in a society as a form of religious conversion. Wallace defines revitalization movement as “a deliberate, organized, conscious effort by members of a society to construct a more satisfying culture.” In the process of revitalization there are three factors presented: (1) the perception of the culture as a system; (2) dissatisfaction with that system; and (3) an organized effort to change that system. The process of revitalization movement shares a common structure, consisting of the following five stages: (1) steady state; (2) period of increased individual stress; (3) period of cultural distortion; (4) period of revitalization(in this period there are six functions: formulation of a code, communication, organization, adaptation, cultural transformation, and routinization); and (5) new steady state. Anthony Wallace’s anthropological model of revitalization movement, in combination with Homer G. Barnet’s model of innovation can provide a useful framework for examining and understanding of the Great Revival Movement of Pyengyang 1907. He defines an innovation as “any thought, behavior, or thing that is new because it is qualitatively different from existing forms.” The emphasis in this model is on the reorganization of ideas rather than on quantitative variation. Culture change takes place not when there is just more or less of the same thing, but when idea, a behavior pattern or a material object is qualitatively different from existing forms. He has contributed to the understanding of culture change as he suggested the theory focusing on the innovator’s behavior pattern. As an outsider the role of the missionary is important, but the change agent is the indigenous leadership, the one who mainly influences on the decision on the reception of the socio-cultural change. The change by the outsider(or missionaries) may be destructive so that the cross-cultural witness should attempt to contextualize the gospel through a careful examination of the local culture, because they are the persons who use to bring sociocultural changes as well as individual change. In the end of the Chosen Dynasty, people had experienced a religious vacuum. The reasons were because Korean traditional religions, Buddhism and Confucianism, has lost their ability to provide people mental framework. This religious vacuum caused people to desire for fervently seeking a new religion. Also the Tonghak revolution and Chinese-Russian war and following the assassination of the queen Min drove people into fear and frustration. The year 1884 was one of the darkest eras in the Chosen history because there was no sign to resolve the current situation. Endemic disease spread all around the country accelerated the crisis and fear felt by the people. So people were trying to seek some solution to resolve the crisis. The stress level of people became increased, in fact, facing the crisis the colonial Japan began to occupy the country with power. In this circumstances there was a candle ignited for a revival by American Methodist missionary Hardie from Wonsan in 1903 August. In his confession we can find a transforming code for overcoming the national crisis and desperate situation, which was radical and super cultural. The revival movement started from Wonsan became spread to Kangwon province, Seoul, Gaesung, Pyugyang, and all around the country. Finally this movement exploded at Changdaehyun church in 1907 January. At that time, there were around 1,000 men for bible studying meeting and missionaries gathered for noon prayer meeting. Then how can the code as a spiritual awakening be interpreted and communicated by the Korean believers? The revival movement as a renovative code was interpreted and communicated as means of salvation, and it was diffused to beyond Pyungyang. The leaders of the movement included Korean church leaders such as Kil Sunju, Chun Kyeeun, and Chung Chuhsoo as well as foreign missionaries. They had lead revival meetings with a clear motivation to breakthrough the desperate situation in faith, which were combined with the prayer meetings of the missionaries. In fact, the Korean church leaders were involved in the revival movement with a strong desire to find a clue of overcoming the crisis, while the missionaries started the revivals with repentance and reflect of their mission works. But these two different motives were directly connected to the Great Revival, and they were finding a new code and goal culture. The Great Revival movement had played an important role to rapidly grow churches and to encourage evangelism among Korean churches through making young people to commit their lives for ministry, and to develop church structure. A turning point made by the Great Revival movement was the organization of the church structure, the unity of denominations, and missionary endeavor such as working together for medical and educational mission works. The Great Revival was really successful, and it had influenced on the development of the church structure, theology, and church growth. It can be evaluated that not only did it include repentance and awakening in a spiritual dimension, but it was closely related to socio-cultural transformation. So it is a crucial factor to examine the socio-cultural and political dimensions of the Great Revival movement. From a missiological perspective, socio-cultural change must include a transforming factor of the gospel. Any socio-cultural change in Christianity is not merely the change of individual's mind and behavior, but should be extended to social and cultural movements. During socio-cultural changes, the role of the church is to provide a valid biblical framework in order for people to change their worldview to biblical one and to suggest an alternative theological agenda for a relevant contextual theology to overcome the gospel reductionism and syncretism. To some extent, critical evaluation to the Great Revival movement might be something that it had done in an American form of Christian faith. In this reason, from the beginning the Korean Christianity had difficulties to indigenize and contextualize the gospel, difficulty that it was to transplant the gospel message into the Korean soil. In this respect it is suggested a problem that the movement has hardly contributed to the contextualize the gospel for the Korean church. Though there are both positive and negative aspects to the Great Revival movement, it must be the crucial event that the Korean church today reexamines and rediscovers as the event that has a huge contribution for the formation of Korean believers’ faith pattern in the critical time when the country lost her national right and identity. The challenge the Korean church are facing is that the church has to attempt to discover a new code and ideal culture that can inspire in believers’ mind and diagnose the today’s crisis through the Bible and the church history.

This paper began by recognizing the critical issue that the emergence of AIC has impacted on the growth of African Christianity. The purpose of this study is to examine the reasons for the emergence and rapid growth of AICs, to briefly give typology of the churches, to describe the general theological characteristics of the churches, and to evaluate the significance of AICs for missiology. And finally 1 will try to give future direction and development of the churches Many scholars defined African independent church as a church which has been founded in Africa, by Africans, and for Africans. But later many African churches founded by European mi ssionaries became independent. So this term became inadequate and the term African indigenous churches was proposed. As mission-founded churches have been regarded as indigenous, it was also inadequate “ African initiated churches" and “ African instituted churches" are terms that avoid these difficulties. There are six causative factors of the emereæ nce and !!:rowth of AICs with which various scholars agree: ( 1) oppressive colonial situations making AICs be home of Africans as socio- political factor; (2) Protestant denom inationalism creating separate denominations ; (3) Bible translation giving AICs an ability to interpret the Bible; (4) accidental and incidental factors such as personal crisis and various epidemics; (5) strong reaction to western missions and colonialism; and (6) re]jgious factor as the most important one The AICs has contributed to shape African theology. Several theological characteristics of AICs can be pointed out. First, in AIC movement the emphasis on the Holy Spirit is the most crucial. The majority of AICs are of pentecostal type. Pneumatology of AICs is connected with the holistic African worldview. For them spirits pervade every aspect of individual and community life. This is evident in the prophetic and charismatic leaders. However, this view of the spirit can be an extension of traditional re]jgion. It may be a danger of producing syncretism. So AICs need to examine the biblical understanding of the spirit in order to avoid the false prophets who manipulate the Spirit. Second, many scholars point out an overemphasis on pneumatology in AICs so that Jesus may be superseded. But they insist that the divine healer is not the Spirit but Jesus Christ. For them Jesus Christ as the God' s mediator can be seen in the AIC leaders. They do not replace Jesus. Rather they reflect and concretize Jesus Christ. Third, soteriology of AICs is always related to divine healing. Many AICs portray Jesus Christ as the powerf비 conqueror over sickness and affliction. Prophets in AICs are the agents of God’s salvation as they try to meet people’s felt needs. In fact, salvation proc\aimed in AICs is holistic. AIC movements raise important questions for missiology. The remarkable growth of AICs and decline of MPCs request us to c\ose examination of mission methods and strategies of AICs. Before criticizing the movement we need to have an open mind to learn from them. In fact, AICs is an attempt of contextualization in the African context. Though AICs cannot be escaped from the blame of syncretism, if we are keenly aWare that contextualization is a process as it continues to develop more authentic theology which is based on the Scripture and re levant a given context. AICs motivated by the proc1amation of Spiri t- fi lled massage have shown a strong passion for mission. It’s missional effectiveness can be seen in providing the source and motivation of African people’s life.

This papar began by recogruzing the critical issue that the church face the challenge of Islarmic fundarnentalism today. Today, the whole world is facing a global war sicuarion between the United States and the Muslim fundarnentalists. In this cricical situation, questions Christian churches need to ask is how to understand this global event α flow and to rediscover the essence of the church and rrusslon. The purpose of this paper is to review a historical development of Islamic revival movements as a reaccion to the secularization and neo-liberal economic globalization led by the United States and the West, to suggest the church's selfreflecrion, and to examine the church’s misional encounter with an attempt of globalization of the worldwide expansion of Islarm. First, Globalization led by the West indicates a process that economy, politics, society, and culture is being integrated into one. In this rapid globalizing process people tend to be more sensicive to mystical things than rational and scientific. These global tendencies has been bringing the revival of conservatism, fundamentalism, mysticism, and extreme movements. In this regard, the Islamic revival movements have opposed to the Western-led globalization and secularism. The Islamic revival movement has been expressed in Jihad, the original meaning both moral and mental effort. Muslim missionaries try to spread their religion through their economic and educational activities. Second, the problem western Christianiry face today is the privatization of faith, the reductionism of the gospel and the meaning of salvation. We need to be keenly aware of the causes and roots of the problems. On thing we need to rediscover is the biblical principles providing the foundations for understanding our culture. Third, on the basis of the essential dimension of the church we can suggest some rrusslon strategies for reaching Muslim people. First of all, we need to understand our own context and the history and culture of 1slam comprehensively. We should avoid a colonial mentaliry and patenalism in doing rrusslOn. Also, we need to concern about other movements in Islam such as Sufism and folk Islam as well as fundamental Islam. One of the most effective approach to Muslim people is contextualization of the gospel in the Muslim context. As the church face the challenge of globalization from both the West and Islamic revival movement, the task of the church is to rediscover the essence of the church, IIl1SS10n. Mission emirely belongs to the trinitarian God(John 20:21).

본 논문의 목적은 13세기 시리아 문헌인 『랍반 사우마와 마르 야흐발라하 3세의 역사』에 나타난 몽골제국 시대 칸발리크를 중심으로 몽골 기독교를 살펴보는 것이다. 좀 더 정확히 말하지만, 13-14세기 유럽의 프란치스코 선교사들(Franciscan missionaries)이나 마르코 폴로(Marco Polo)가 당시 칸발리크와 중국에서 만났던 바로 그 ‘네스토리안(Nestorians)’ 혹은 ‘네스토리오스 기독교(Nestorian Christianity)’를 살펴보는 것이다. 이를 위해서 본인은 13세기 시리아어로 기록된 『랍반 사우마와 마르 야흐발라하 3세의 역사』를 주요 문헌으로 사용하여 1) 동방에 있었던 기독교인들의 명칭을 살펴보고, 2) 랍반 사우마의 입을 통해서 드러난 몽골 기독교의 신앙기원 (사도 도마-앗다이-마르 마리 전통)과 교리를 분석할 것이다. 그리고 이런 분석을 바탕으로 본 글은 『랍반 사우마와 마르 야흐발라하 3세의 역사』에 나타난 몽골 기독교는 자신들을 사도 전통을 이어 받은 동방 교회의 일원으로 이해하고 있었음을 보여준다.