본 연구는 섭입대 환경에서 다양한 액체들과 제올라이트와의 반응을 이해하기 위한 선행단계로, 섭 입대 내 대표 제올라이트 중 하나인 스틸바이트(NaCa4(Al9Si27)O72·28(H2O))의 압축거동을 관찰하였다. 물과 NaHCO3 용액을 매개체로 사용하였으며, 상압에서 최대 2.5 GPa까지 가압하였다. 1.0 GPa 이하에서는 두 실험 모두 0.001~0.004 GPa-1 범위의 낮은 선형압축률과 220(1) GPa의 높은 체적탄성률을 보였다. 이는 물분자 또는 양이온이 스틸바이트의 채널 내부로 유입되면서 구조가 매우 치밀해졌기 때문으로 추측된다. 반면, 1.0 GPa 이상에서는 두 실험의 경향이 다르게 관찰되었다. 물의 실험에서는 c축, NaHCO3의 실험에서는 b, c축의 선 형압축률이 모두 0.006(1) GPa-1으로 급격하게 증가하였다. 체적탄성률은 물과 NaHCO3의 실험에서 각각 40(1), 52(7) GPa의 값을 보여, 1.0 GPa 이전과 비교했을 때 압축률이 4배 이상 높아졌다. 이는 1.0 GPa 이상의 압 력에서 압력매개체 내 물이 얼기 시작하면서 스틸바이트 내부로 유입이 멈추었고, 단지 채널 내에서 양이온 및 물분자가 이동함에 따라서 생기는 현상으로 판단된다. 특히 NaHCO3의 실험에서는 소듐 양이온이 치환됨에 따라 구조 내부의 분포가 달라졌을 것으로 추측되며, 이는 (001)과 (020)피크의 상대강도 비율이 물의 실험과 다른 경향으로 나타난 것을 근거로 예상해볼 수 있다.

본 연구는 합성 모데나이트(Na6.6Al6.6Si41.4O96·20.4H2O, Na-MOR)를 이용한 다양한 중금속의 포획 연 구를 하기 위한 기초 단계로, 고분해능 X-선 분말 회절을 이용하여 치환체의 격자상수 및 부피 변화를 이해 하기 위한 목적으로 실험을 진행하였다. 열중량 분석법(Thermogravimetric analysis, TGA)으로 측정한 결과, 1가 양이온 치환체(Cs-MOR, Na-MOR)는 단위포 당 19.4, 20.4개의 물분자가 존재하였으며, 2가 양이온 치환 체(Pb-MOR, Sr-MOR, Cd-MOR)는 단위포 당 21, 23.1, 23.2개가 존재하는 것을 확인하였다. 측정한 모든 물 질은 사방정계에 속하는 Cmcm의 공간군을 가지는 것으로 확인할 수 있었다. 치환 전 물질인 Na-MOR과 비 교했을 때, 치환체의 (110)면과 (200)면의 회절강도가 명확하게 변화하였으나, 전체적인 피크의 위치는 거의 유사하게 나타나는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 Na-MOR에서는 확인이 되지 않았던 (220)면의 피크가 Pb-, Cd-, Sr-MOR에서 뚜렷하게 관찰되었다. 이를 통해서 양이온 치환에 따른 원자들의 분포 변화가 주로 ab-평 면상에서 나타나지만, 격자상수의 변화는 미세할 것으로 짐작할 수 있었다. Whole profile fitting 방법을 사용 하여 치환된 모데나이트의 미세한 격자상수의 변화를 관찰하였다. 치환체의 격자상수 및 격자부피의 변화는 치환된 양이온의 반경 및 전하수에 따라 서로 다른 경향성을 보였다. 1가 양이온의 경우, 이온반경이 증가할 수록 a-축의 길이는 증가하지만, 반면에 b- 및 c-축의 길이는 감소하였다. 2가 양이온의 경우, 이온반경이 증 가할수록 대체적으로 a-축의 길이가 감소하고, b- 및 c-축의 길이는 증가하였다. 격자부피는 1가 또는 2가 양 이온 치환체들이 각각 독립된 경향성을 가지며, 이온반경에 따라 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

본 연구는 압력을 이용한 제올라이트 내 중금속 양이온 또는 CO2 기체 포집 등의 응용연구를 하기 위한 기초 단계로 제올라이트의 압력 및 압력전달 매개체(Pressure-transmitting medium, PTM)에 따른 결정구조의 변화를 알아보기위한 목적으로 실험을 진행하였다. 천연 제올라이트 멜리노이트(Merlinoite, (K,Ca0.5,Ba0.5,Na)10 Al10Si22O64×22H2O)와 동일한 골격구조를 가지는 합성 물질인 제올라이트-W(K6.4Al6.5Si25.8O64× 15.3H2O, K-MER)의 압력 하 압력전달 매개체에 따른 선형 압축률 및 체적 탄성률의 변화에 대한 X선 회절연구를 진행하였다. 합성 된 시료는 정방정계에 속하는 I4/mmm 공간군으로 확인되었다. 압력전달 매개체 중 제올라이트의 동공 및 채널을 투과할 수 있는 투과 매개체(Penetrating medium)로 물, 이산화탄소를, 비투과 매개체로 실리콘 오일 (Silicone-oil)을 각각 사용하였으며, 상압에서 최대 3 GPa까지 약 0.5 GPa 간격으로 가압하였다. 다이아몬드 고 압유도장치 및 방사광 X-선원을 이용하여 압력 하 시료의 분말 회절을 측정하였고, 르바일(Le-Bail)법 및 버치-머내한 상태방정식을 이용하여 격자상수 및 체적탄성률의 변화를 관찰하였다. 모든 실험에서 c축의 선형압축률(βc)은 0.006(1) GPa-1또는 0.007(1) GPa-1의 값을 보여 압력 증가 대비 유사한 압축률을 보인 반면, a축의 압축률(βa)은 실리콘 오일 실험에서 0.013(1) GPa-1을 보여 물과 이산화탄소 (βa=0.006(1) GPa-1) 실험결과에 비해 압축률이 약 두 배정도 큰 것으로 확인할 수 있었다. 체적탄성률(K0)은 물, 이산화탄소, 실리콘 오일의 실험에서 각각 50(3) GPa, 52(3) GPa, 29(2) GPa로 도출되었다. 압력 증가에 따른 ac면의 orthorhombicity를 측정한 결과 물과 이산화탄소 실험에서는 0.350~0.353의 비교적 일정한 값을 보였으나, 실리콘 오일의 실험 에서는 y = -0.005(1)x + 0.351(1)의 함수를 만족시키며 압력이 증가할수록 값이 점차 작아졌다.

Background : In recent years, the demand for oriental cuisine has increased due to the increase of multicultural families and dietary changes, and Coriandrum sativum is also consumed steadily. Therefore, this study was conducted to establish the optimum planting density for high-quality seed production of Coriandrum sativum in order to increase the utilization of leafy vegetables and establish a foundation for production throughout the year through house cultivation Methods and Results : This experiment was carried out from March to August 2017 at a house facility located in Namwon-si (500 m above sea level) in Jeollabuk-do. Seeds of Coriandrum sativum were sown on March 10, 2017 and planting density was set at 4 levels of 10 × 5 ㎝, 10 × 10 ㎝, 10 × 20 ㎝, and 10 × 30 ㎝. Seeds were harvested on August 2 and 142 days after sowing. Growth characteristics of C. sativum were investigated on May 16, 66 days after sowing. Plant height, leaf length and leaf width were good at 52.9 ㎝, 3.8 ㎝, and 4.1 ㎝ in planting density of 10 × 10 ㎝, respectively, but there was no statistically significant difference between treatments. As a result of examining the number of leaflets per plant, 20.9 leaves in 10 × 30 ㎝ treatment was the best and the difference was significant. The fresh weight of the overground part was the highest at 2,322 ㎏/10a in 10 × 10 ㎝ treatment. The total fresh weight of the overground and underground parts were 2,633 ㎏/10a and 2,572 ㎏/10a at 10 × 10 ㎝ and 10 × 20 ㎝, respectively. The total weight of seeds per treatment was the highest at 146 ㎏/10a at 10 × 10 ㎝ treatment, but the difference was not significant. Conclusion : As a result of the experiment to determine the proper planting density, the growth characteristics and the total weight of seeds were good at 10 × 10 ㎝ treatment, but there was no statistically significant difference. Therefore, when C. sativum are cultivated for the purpose of seed production, the planting density of 10 × 30 ㎝ is considered to be the most appropriate for seed requirement and labor saving.

Background : This study was carried out to investigate the possibility of cosmetics materials by comparing growth characteristics, photosynthetic rate and major functional components of Rosa multiflora and Perilla frutescens at different altitudes. Methods and Results : This experiment is being carried out in April 2018 in Namwon (500 m above sea level) and Iksan (15 m above sea level) in Jeollabuk-do. The growth characteristics of R. multiflora were investigated at the end of May. Flowers were collected at this time and used as samples for functional analysis. The growth characteristics of P. frutescens were investigated in the middle of August and the ground part was collected at this time and used as a sample for functional analysis. Photosynthetic rates were measured using LCpro+ (ADC, UK). The marker compound were investigated and analyzed using HPLC Alliance e2695 and 2998 PDA detector (Waters, USA). Photosynthetic rate (based on 1,600 μ mole of light intensity) was measured in mid-June as follows. The R. multiflora showed 9.8 μ mole․CO2/㎡/s in Iksan and 7.9 μmole․CO2/㎡/s in Namwon. The P. frutescens showed 15.0 μmole․CO2/㎡/s in Iksan and 8.8 μmole․CO2/㎡/s in Namwon. Overall, Photosynthetic rate was higher in Iksan. As a result of analyzing 18 kinds of marker compound, gallic acid and astragalin were found in R. multiflora, caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid were found in P. frutescens. Gallic acid and Astragalin of R. multiflora showed 5.4 ㎎/g and 28.4 ㎎/g in Iksan and 3.2 ㎎/g and 21.6 ㎎/g in Namwon, respectively. Caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid of P. frutescens were 2.7 ㎎/g and 49.7 ㎎/g in Iksan and 2.5 ㎎/g and 33.6 ㎎/g in Namwon, respectively. Conclusion : Comparing the yield of the harvesting parts by region, both R. multiflora and P. frutescens was higher in Namwon. As a result of quantitative analysis of four detected elements of gallic acid, astragalin, caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid, all four components were high in Iksan. It is considered that this is due to optical environment difference.

Background : Matricaria recutita and Dendranthema indicum are known to have effects such as antioxidant and antihypertensive effects, and they are used as processed food materials. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the possibilities as a natural material for cosmetics. This study was carried out to analyze the volatile flavor components of flowers during cultivation in order to examine the possibility of cosmetics using M. recutita and D. indicum. Methods and Results : This experiment was carried out from April to October, 2017 at Unbong-eup (500 m above sea level) in Namwon, Jeollabuk-do. M. recutita and D. indicum were planted in late May. Then, flowers were collected in October and volatile flavor components were analyzed by Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME) method. Samples of flowers for component analysis were weighed in 0.4 g each and placed in a 20 ㎖ vial. GC/MS was used with Agilent Technologies 7890A/5975C (Agilent, USA). Column and carrier gas were DB-5MS (30 m × 0.25 ㎜ × 0.25 ㎛) and helium gas, respectively. As a result of the analysis of M. recutita flowers, we identified a total of 24 components. The major flavor components were mono terpenes and ketones. The main compounds were β-ocimene (24.08%), artemisia ketone (22.82%), γ-terpinene (16.65%), cis-3-hexenyl isovalerate (3.92%), artemisiatriene (3.72%) and O-cymene (3.44%). As a result of analyzing the composition of D. indicum flower, we identified 33 kinds of ingredients. The major flavor components were monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The main compounds were sabinene (19.67%), trans-oiperitol (13.22%), α-phellandrene (10.05%), myrcene (7.53%), cineole (4.36%), α-terpinene (3.60%) and trans-ocimene (3.57%). Conclusion : We identified 24 flavor components and 33 flavor components in flower of M. recutita and D. indicum, respectively. Eight of the identified or estimated compounds were common to both samples. The reason why the flavor components kinds of M. recutita flowers were few was thought to be due to the influence of collection time. The main flowering period of M. recutita and D. indicum were May and October, respectively, but the use of the samples collected in October seemed to have influenced.

Background : Although Aster scaber is a perennial plant, it needs to be renewed every three years in the cultivation of the facility, so it is necessary to increase the efficiency of production by extending the cultivation period. This study was carried out to investigate the differences in the growth characteristics of facility grown A. scaber according to the treatment of soil conditioner for the extension of the plant cultivation. Methods and Results : Soil physics improvement material for the extension of cultivated aster scaber was selected from rice straw, rice husk charcoal and coir fiber. In this study, 1,000 ㎏ of coir fiber, 1,000 ㎏ of rice straw, and 1,000 ㎏ of rice husk charcoal were treated per 10a of the soil improvement material, and the untreated control was set as a control. After the test treatment, the growth conditions such as survival rate, plant length, leaf length, leaf width, and stalk diameter were investigated. The control group was investigated as the survival rate was 96.1%, plant length average was 16.3 ± 1.8 ㎝, leaf length average was 7.7 ± 1.2 ㎝, leaf width average was 7.4 ± 0.7 ㎝, and stalk diameter average was 1.97 ± 0.3 ㎜. rice straw treatment is as the survival rate was 95.8%, plant length average was 13.8 ± 1.9 ㎝, leaf length average was 6.5 ± 0.8 ㎝, the leaf width average was 5.9 ± 0.7 ㎝ and the stalk diameter average was 1.85 ± 0.4 ㎜. Rice husk charcoal treatment is as the survival rate was 99.7%, plant length average was 17.4 ± 1.7 ㎝, leaf length average was 8.4 ± 1.1 ㎝, the leaf width average was 7.5 ± 0.8 ㎝ and the stalk diameter average was 2.15 ± 0.5 ㎜. Coir fiber treatment is as the survival rate was 96.9%, plant length average was 16.9 ± 1.7 ㎝, leaf length average was 7.9 ± 1.4 ㎝, the leaf width average was 6.9 ± 1.0 ㎝ and the stalk diameter average was 2.01 ± 0.5 ㎜. The results of the study showed that the growth of rice husk charcoal was good and the survival rate was high and the growth of straw treatment was relatively low and the rate of survival was low. However, no significant difference was found in the treatment of the remedies. Conclusion : As a result of investigating the differences in the growth characteristics of the A. scaber according to the treatments of the soil improvement agent, the growth and survival rate of the rice husk charcoal treatments were relatively high, but no significant difference was found. Therefore, the use of rice straw, rice husk charcoal, and coir fiber as a soil improvement agent does not appear to have much effect on the initial growth of the A. scaber.

Background : This study was carried out to investigate the differences of growth characteristics, photosynthetic rate and ginsenoside content of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer according to the covering materials during house cultivation. Also the results of this study will be used as basic data for the standardization of ginseng house cultivation. Methods and Results : This experiment site was conducted from March to October, 2017 in the house located in Jinan - gun, Jeollabuk-do. The ginseng cultivar used in the experiment was a violet stem variant of 4-years-old. There are three kinds of covering materials used in the experiments: polyethylene (PE) film, scattering film, and blue-white film. PE film and the scattering film were first coated with 85% of light shielding net after the first installation, and then secondly coated with 75% and 30% of the light shielding net respectively in the middle of May when the house temperature reached 25℃. The blue-white film was cultivated after the initial installation without further treatment. The light transmittance of each covering materials were in the order of scattering film (14.5 ± 1.5%), blue-white film (10.0 ± 1.0%) and PE film (6.7 ± 1.0%). The average photosynthetic rate of each treatment was in the order of scattering film (2.94 μmol CO2/㎡/s), blue film (2.71 μmol CO2/㎡/s) and PE film (2.34 μmol CO2/㎡/s). Aboveground growth characteristics of ginseng were good in a scattering film and blue-white film. Root weights were found in the order of scattering film (47.1 g/plant) > blue-green film (41.3 g/plant) > PE film (37.6 g/plant). Conclusion : In order to select proper covering materials for ginseng house cultivation, the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of each treatment were compared with each other in order of scattering film, blue-white film and PE film. The photosynthetic rate of each treatment was measured according to the growing season. PE film was relatively low during the entire growth period. In the case of scattering film and blue-white film, the rate of photosynthesis was higher in the scattering film with high light transmittance until May, but showed a similar tendency after July. As a result, the difference in the growth characteristics of ginseng is thought to be due to differences in photosynthesis and assimilation according to the coating materials.

Background : This experiment was conducted to study the characteristics of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) growth by LED artificial light source in the plastic house using multi-stage cultivation facility and artificial soil. Methods and Results : Seedlings of Korean ginseng cultivar cultivated from 6:00 am to 6:00 pm by adjusting the ratio of 1 : 1, 2 : 1 and 3 : 1 for red light and blue light for the LED light quality test. Controls were tested by treating the white light (fluorescent lamps) for the same time. The average temperature inside the plastic house remained above 25℃, then below 25℃ after mid-August and below 20℃ after mid-September. The temperature near the roots of the artificial soils was higher than 26℃ in late July and early August and lowered to 20℃ or lower in all treatments in September. The pH of the soil was in the standard range, but the EC value was 2.89 in the soil before the test and 5.83 in the white light treatment, higher than the standard range of 1.0. The light intensities were 95.3 μmol and 94.9 μmol in the 3 : 1 and 2 : 1 ratios of red and blue light, respectively. The photosynthetic rate was 1.72 μmole CO2/㎡/s in 3 : 1 treatment and 1.9 times higher than white light treatment. As the red light ratio increased, the light amount and photosynthetic rate increased. Growth characteristics of aerial parts (plant height, leaf length etc.) by LED irradiation were longer than that of white light treatment in the 2 : 1 or 3 : 1 treatment of red light and blue light. The root length was the longest at 13.7 ㎝ in the 3 : 1 treatment of red and blue light, taproot length were 6.9 ㎝ and 6.6 ㎝ in the 2 : 1 treatment and 3 : 1 treatment, respectively, longer than 4.3 ㎝ in white light. Root fresh weight was the heaviest (3.6 g/plant) in 3 : 1 treatment for red and green lights. Conclusion : It was confirmed that the rate of photosynthesis of Korean ginseng was higher than that of white light treatment and the growth characteristics of aerial and root parts were excellent at the ratio of 3 : 1 of LED red light and blue light in plastic house using multi-stage cultivation facility and artificial soil.

Background : This study was conducted to investigate the effect of inorganic compounds (germanium etc) on the characteristics of growth and ginsenoside contents in Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) cultivated in plastic houses. Methods and Results : The experiments were performed in the Jinan (elevation: 300 meters above sea level). Seedlings (n = 72 per 3.3㎡) of Korean ginseng cultivar were planted on March 23, 2015. Shading material of plastic house was blue-white vinyl. From May to September of each year, 500 and 1,000 times diluted solution of germanium and silicate and these mixed solutions were drenched once a month. The chemical properties of the soil are as follows : pH, EC, organic content, and P2O5 of the soil were within the proper range, and the Mg content of the Ex-cations was lower than the standard value in 3 treatments, including 500 times solution of silicate. The rate of photosynthesis in Korean ginseng leaves were 2.2 - 2.5 μmole CO2/㎡/s in germanium and silicate treatment than in the non-treatment (1.5 μmole CO2/㎡/s). In the mixed treatment of silicate and germanium, the growth characteristics of the aerial parts (leaf and stem) of the Korean ginseng plants tended to be higher and longer than the other treatments. In a mixed germanium and silicate treatment, the root length was 33.3 ㎝, diameter was 23.5 ㎜, and the weight was the best at 53.8 g. The ginsenoside content was 16.8 ㎎/g in germanium treatment, 16.3 ㎎/g in germanium + silicate treatment. These were 37% and 33% higher than the control, respectively. The incidence of disease such as Alternaria panax was less in the inorganic treatment than in the non-treatment, and the incidence of disease was significantly decreased in the treatment with germanium + silicate. Conclusion : By soil drench of inorganic ingredients in Korean ginseng plastic house cultivation, the growth of the aerial and root parts in ginseng were more improved than non-treatment and ginsenoside content was increased and decreased the incidence of disease.