Background : The interests in the consumption of red pepper (Capsicum annum L.) is, to a large extent due to its content of bioactive compounds and their importance as dietary antioxidants and Red pepper is commonly used as food material and a broad variety of medicinal applications, Therefore, we investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of red pepper. Methods and Results : This present study was evaluated the effect of red pepper ethanol and distilled water extracts on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Antioxidant activity of the extracts were evaluated by the assay of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and reducing power, along with the determination of total phenolic and flavonoid contents. The ethanol and the water extracts showed strong antioxidant activity by the testing methods. Total phenol content was high in ethanol extract, whereas total flavonoid content was high in water extract. The red pepper extract exhibited high scavenging activity against DPPH radicals and showed high reducing power. In vitro cytotoxic assay, red pepper extract showed noncytotoxic effect in the RAW 264.7 cells with or without LPS. The level of nitric oxide (NO) production induced by LPS decreased in a dose-dependent manner (0.25 ㎍/ ㎖ – 1.0 ㎎/㎖). Proinfllamatory cytokine level including TNF-ɑ and IL-6 decresed in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells by treating red pepper extracts. Conclusion : These results indicate that the ethanol and distilled water extracts of red pepper can be used as an anti-proliferative therapeutic agent or functional food.

Background: There is an increasing surplus of chestnut that are abandoned due to their failure to meet customer awareness. Thus, we investigated the anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects of chestnut (Castanea crenata) inner shell extracts in hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells as a potential source of anti-cancer materials. Methods and Results: Distilled water extract (CI-W) and ethanol extract (CI-E) were prepared from chestnut inner shell and evaluated their anti-proliferative effects in vitro. Each extract significantly decreased the cell viability of HepG2 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Indeed, the morphology of HepG2 cells treated with CI-W or CI-D was distorted to shrunken cell masses. Furthermore, it was revealed that their extracts induced cell death as evidenced by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), formation of apoptotic body and condensation. In addition, Their extracts clearly modulated the down regulated of Bcl-2 (anti-apoptoic)/ Bax (pro-apoptotic) family and cleaved caspase-3 as an effector caspase in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: These results indicate that the extracts of chestnut inner shell can be used as an anti-proliferative therapeutic agent or functional food.

Background: Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar, is a serious problem in diabetes. Hyperglycemia induces the generation of free radicals which disrupts insulin signaling and result in insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and hypoglycemic potentials of LBO-1 mixture. Methods and Results: To evaluate antioxidant effect of LBO-1 mixture, DPPH, ABTS and reducing power were performed. LBO-1 mixture scavenged DPPH free radicals and ABTS radicals in a dose-dependent manner. The total phenolic contents of LBO-1 mixture was determined by a regression equation using a calibration curve by gallic acid equivalents. The obtained total phenolic contents were 65.90 ± 0.52 ㎎/g. Phenolic components of plant extracts that can scavenge free radicals. In addition, we evaluated effects of LBO-1 mixture on glucose production in high glucose-induced HepG2 hepatocytes. LBO-1 mixture decreased glucose levels in cultured medium and it down regulated Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) levels which is an enzyme used in the metabolic pathway of gluconeogenesis. Conclusion: These results indicate that the LBO-1 mixture can be used as hypoglycemic agent.

Background : Capsaicin is an active component of chili peppers, which are plants belonging to the genus Capsicum. Research reported capsaicin has antioxidant and anti-inflamatory activity and osteoclast lineages are very susceptible to oxidative stress, as osteoclasts are produced by increased-generation of intracellular ROS and osteoclasts are activated by ROS. Therefore, our study was evaluated the influence of intracellular oxidative stress such as increased ROS level on RANKL-mediated osteoclast differenciation. Methods and Results : Capsaicin showed a good free radical scavenging activity at in-vitro antioxidant activity. The inhibitory effect of osteoclast differentiation on capsaicin was confirmed. Osteoclast differentiation from murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells was induced by RANKL. The effect of capsaicin on receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation was demonstrated using a tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) assay and TRAP staining. Capsaicin showed an inhibitory effect on TRAP activity. The TRAP staining showed that the number of TRAP positive osteoclasts was reduced in capsaicin-treated cells. Conclusion : Capsaicin revealed an inhibitory effect in osteoclast differentiation induced by RANKL. These results suggest that capsaicin may have a beneficial effect for the prevention or treatment of osteoclast caused bone diseases such as osteoporosis.

Solid-liquid separation is important for securing safe runoff quality in the biological treatment process. In particular, the method for determining sludge settlement characteristics using SVI, which is a parameter, evaluates the precipitation features of sludge in an aeration tank and secondary precipitation tank and is a simple and widely used method. However, in methods using SVI, the accumulation of objective data is usually not possible, since the subjective judgment of operators is mainly involved in this evaluation method. Therefore, the automation of SVI measurement is required to improve the determination method of sludge settlement using SVI. In this study, an automatic measurement system of SVI using optics was developed. To evaluate the reliability of the measurement system, a visual inspection test was performed in parallel with our suggested SV30 auto-measurement system using actual sludge and a similar tendency in the results was obtained. Using this suggested SV30 automation system, the indirect determination of MLSS (Mixed-Liquor-Suspended-Solids) activation states of the aeration tank and precipitation tank is also expected to be possible. Through the test results, it was verified that the reliability of SVI determination was increased by identifying the effect of outside light after performing a test under external light interference.

Domestic sewerage treatment plant is operated by activated sludge method and its modified method by using microorganism. In most cases, a method of using microorganism is directly controlled by the operator based on individual judgment through factors of DO, pH and ORP. In addition, under aerobic condition in bioreactor, energy consumption including excessive air injection is learned to be somewhat plenty. In order to solve this problem, in most of the process, improvement of internal recycling and activated environmental factor of microorganism were researched extensively. However, as factors are changed depending on various conditions, it is not sufficient as an indicator of judgment. As such, a research on operation of bioreactor that measures metabolic change in short time by directly measuring activated condition of microorganism using NADH fluorometer is required in reality.It is considered that the method like this could supplement problem of energy consumption being occurred in the existing treatment method and operational optimization of bioreactor would be enabled by controlling optimal air volume. Therefore, in this study, in order to obtain optimal operational indicator of bioreactor, proper air volume control test was performed and through batch test and site evaluation, possibility of NADH sensor being utilized as operational control indicator of bioreactor is intended to be analyzed. In order to compare with measured value, DO, ORP that are operational control indicator of existing bioreactor were used. As MLSS concentration was increased through batch test, NADH value was increased and site evaluation also showed similar tendency to batch test. Resultantly, it could be confirmed that changing level of NADH fluorometer was a sensor that could measure bioreactor condition effectively and optimized scale of bioreactor is considered to be utilized.

By the strengthening of sewage treated quality law and the amount of sewage sludge every year is increasing in Korea. However, it is difficult to disposal of sewage sludge due to ocean dumping restriction. As an alternative to this, drying, incineration, anaerobic digestion etc. is applied, which is uneconomical in most be processed by the consumption of energy. In particular, anaerobic digestion technology has been installed in the sewage treatment 65 plats in Korea’s STP(sewage treatment plant). It is most of the digestion efficiency requires the application of improved technology to less than 50%. As an improvement technology for most anaerobic digester, ultrasonic, electronic beam, ozone etc. solubilization method using has been mainly used. Therefore, in this study, after the wet milling particles of sludge to subject the sludge that has not been decomposed in the digested sludge circulating fluid of anaerobic digestion, was let examine the characteristic at the time of ozonation. The size of the particles before and after the wet milling, which is the measurement at each 105.26 μm and 77.18 μm, solubilization rate is increased to 23.5%. When ozonation after wet milling using sludge is determined as possible to improve the efficiency.

2011년 말 기준 전국에 가동 중인 공공하수처리시설은 500 m³/일 이상이 505개소에 시설용량은 25,017,730 m³/일이고, 500 m³/일 미만은 2,858개소에 시설용량은 210,376 m³/일에 달한다. 이는 2003년부터 하수도 보급률 78.8%에서 해마다 약 3%씩 증가하여 2011년도 말에는 90.9%로 증가되고, 인구증가 등의 요인에 따른 것이다. 또한 매년 하수처리시설의 유입유량과 유입하수농도의 변화는 지속적으로 증가하고 있다. 하수처리시설의 주 처리방법은 고액분리와 용존성 물질의 고형화하는 방법이 주를 이루며 이외에도 산화의 방법, 필터에 의한 방법 등으로 수중의 오염물을 배제시킨다. 특히, 용존성 물질을 고형화 하는 과정에서 대부분 유기성 물질로 구성된 오염물을 미생물의 처리과정으로 처리가 되어 지는데, 이 때 하수처리시설에서 생물 반응조의 상태를 보기 위하여 대부분이 SVI를 측정한다. 이는 미생물의 상태를 간접적으로 확인하고, 후단 공정에서의 고액분리의 정도를 예측하는 중요한 방법으로 많이 활용되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 SV30의 측정방법에 대하여 높이에 따른 광원의 조사와 측정된 값을 인식 가능성에 대하여 실시하고자 하였다. 연구에 대상으로 사용된 슬러지는 경기도 안산시 A공공하수처리장의 생물반응조 내의 슬러지를 채수하여 실험에 사용하였으며, 이 때 사용된 슬러지의 TS는 3,428 mg/L, VS는 2,491 mg/L로 측정이 되었다. 광원으로 사용된 램프는 LED(White, Foryard Co. Ltd, Taiwan)으로 하단에서 최초 높이 20mm 정도를 제외하고 높이 17mm간격으로 20개를 설치하였다. 광원 검출기(Perkin Elmer Co., German)도 동일한 방법으로 설치하고 광원과 검출기 사이에 SV30을 실험하는 방법을 기준으로 1,000mL의 유리재질의 매스실린더를 사용하였으며, 광의 조사 및 검출의 외부 환경은 외란광이 존재하는 조건에서 실험을 실시하였다. 사용된 검출기의 특징은 외부 광원을 에너지로 인식하고 광원이 조사되면 저항(단위 Ω, R)이 내려가고, 광원이 차단되면 저항이 올라간다. 외란광의 환경에서 하부에서 상부로 갈수록 외란광의 차단효과가 적어져 메스실린더 내의 슬러지 투입전의 1,000 mL 위치에서 LED 램프 조사전은 4.78 kΩ, 0 mL에서 27.75 kΩ, 조사시는 1,000 mL 위치에서 3.49 kΩ, 0 mL에서 5.92 kΩ으로 측정이 되었다. 활성슬러지 투입시 압밀침전 전까지 슬러지 침강속도는 43.6 mm/min이었으며, 압밀침전의 속도는 3.58 mm/min으로 측정이 되었다. 이 때, 슬러지 계면이 있을 경우와 없을 경우의 측정차는 약 90 kΩ이상이 발생하여 슬러지 계면의 정도에 따른 측정이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

The amount of sewage treatment has been increasing year by year as the small and medium sized cities grow in Korea. Besides, the treatment of sludge has been more significant owing to the total ban on disposal of organic sludge in a landfill since April 2004 and ocean dumping of organic waste since December 2013. In this research, we studied the drying characteristics of sewage sludge by indirect heating device using thermal oil. The indirect heating device operated in a batch for 16 hours according to the variation of drying temperature between 100 and 200oC and the initial input weight of each type of sewage sludge was equally 60 kg. As a result, the moisture content in raw, excess and mixed sludge became lower than 10% under 14 hours at 160oC. The average water loss rate of raw, excess and mixed sludge is 0.436 g-wet/ min, 0.362 g-wet/min and 0.367 g-wet/min respectively at this stage. Therefore, the raw sludge can be dried well, using indirect heating device in sewage treatment plant. Also, it is better to dry raw sludge or excess sludge alone than mixed sludge because each type of sludge does not make synergistic effect but counter effect when they are together.

하수슬러지의 발생량은 해마다 증가하고 있으며 2011년 발생량은 310만톤에 다다르고 있다(환경부, 2012). 이처럼 수백만톤의 하수슬러지가 매년 발생하고 있지만 그에 대한 처리 기술력은 아직 부족한 것이 현실이며 발생슬러지 처리방법의 약 70%를 차지하는 해양배출은 런던협약에 의해 2013년 1월1일부터 전면 금지가 되었다. 이에 대해 대책으로 소각 및 재활용에 대한 비율을 높이고자 노력하고 있으며 특히 재활용 및 연료화 분야에 정부기관 및 다수의 연구기관에서 다양한 기술개발이 진행 중에 있다. 본 연구는 하수슬러지의 성상을 조사하고 파악함과 동시에 효과적인 슬러지 건조방법을 찾고자 함에 있다. 슬러지 건조방식은 크게 직접가온방식과 간접가온방식으로 분류할 수 있으며 이번 연구에서는 간접가온방식의 장점을 이용하여 슬러지 건조 특성에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다. 특히, 성상분석을 통하여 처리대상이 되는 하수슬러지를 파악하고 열매체유를 이용한 간접가온 방식의 슬러지 건조를 실시하였다. 열매체보일러를 통하여 운전온도를 조절하였으며 열원의 공급은 전기를 이용하는 방식을 사용하였다. 운전결과 180℃에서 운전시간이 12시간을 초과하면 슬러지의 함수율이 5%이하가 되며 수분변화율도 미비한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 운전시간이 8시간에서 10시간 사이에서 슬러지의 건조시 수분의 감소율이 약 20% 줄어드는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 슬러지의 수분이 낮아짐에 따라 수증기로 증발 시 발생되는 열손실량이 감소하여 슬러지 잠열이 고온으로 유지되고 이에 따라 해당시간에 함수율 변화폭이 크게 나타나는 것으로 판단된다.

최근 런던협약 96의정서 발효에 따라 하수 슬러지의 해양투기가 금지되고 환경 정책 강화와 향후 에너지 자원 부족을 대비하기 위해 녹색 성장이 강조되면서 슬러지를 재이용화 및 자원화 시키려는 처리 기술방법들이 개발되고 있다. 하수슬러지 처리 공정의 중점은 발생량의 감량화와 개량화를 통해 탈수 효율을 높이기 위함이며 대표적인 전처리 방법으로 물리적인 방법과 화학적인 방법으로 약품 처리하는 것이 일반화되어 있다. 본 논문에서는 폴리머 응집제를 사용하여 총 4종류의 생, 잉여, 소화, 혼합슬러지에 대해서 적합한 유기 및 무기 응집제를 주입한 후 최적의 응집 조건을 선정하여 최종적으로 슬러지 탈수성의 효율을 비교 및 평가하도록 하였다. 혼합슬러지는 생슬러지와 잉여슬러지를 같은 부피 비율로 혼합하여 제조하였다. 최적의 응집 조건을 선정하기에 앞서 기본적으로 Jar Test 실험을 시행하였으며 200rpm에서 1 ~ 3분 완속 교반, 50rpm에서 5분 급속 교반 조건을 제시하였고, 유기 폴리머와 무기 폴리머 응집제의 단일 및 이액 주입 방식에 따라 응집 반응의 특성을 비교하였다. 실험결과는 슬러지 탈수성 및 최적 응집 조건 선정의 지표로서 응집을 형성시키고 방치 후, 고액 분리를 통해서 상등수의 탁도, pH, ORP, SS, 흡광도 (330nm), floc size와 TTF 실험을 하여 탈수성을 측정하였다. 따라서 응집제 주입 방법에 있어서 유기 응집제의 단일 방식 주입과 무기 응집제를 첨가하여 floc의 응결도를 높이는 이액 주입 방식으로부터 탈수성 효율에 미치는 결과를 본 논문에 나타내었다.

T-N and T-P in the filtrate from Sludge Treatment Process (STP) was returned to water treatment processing, because T-N and T-P are returned, it makes overload in Advanced Treatment Process. Removal efficiency of T-N and T-P are compared both at using polymer as simple method and at using PFS and polymer as complex method when coagulants was injected in Thickener. In simple method, removal efficiency of T-N and T-P were 95.68% and 99.29% for each. In complex method, removal efficiency of T-N and T-P were 98.07% and 99.90% for each. From the result, removal efficiency of complex method was highly better than simple method. According to increasing of removal efficiency, returned T-N and T-P loading to water treatment process was decreased (Reduced amount of T-N is 0.2309 kg/hr and TP is 0.0145 kg/hr). Also, the amount of a polymer used has been decreased to 80% by using PFS.

This study developed a high-utility type of vinegar from Rubus coreanus by optimizing its fermentation conditions. In the alcohol fermentation process, the optimal conditions for the maximization of the alcohol contents were an initial sugar concentration of 15 °Brix, a temperature of 30℃ and 4 days. The optimal conditions for the acetic acid fermentation were 9 days of fermentation at 30℃ and 200 rpm, with 6% alcohol and 2% initial acidity. The sucrose, fructose, and glucose contents were 952.90, 491.01, and 386.62 mg%, respectively. The free organic acids were acetic, malic, succinic, malonic, oxalic, and lactic acids. The total free amino acid content was 104.33 μg/mL, with alanine, glutamic acid, γ-amino-N-butyric acid, and o-phospho-ethanolamine as the major amino acids. The K, Na, and Mg contents were 1,686.10, 172.50, and 69.33 ppm, respectively. The total phenolic and anthocyanin contents were 25.19 and 80.71 mg/100 mL, respectively. The DPPH- and ABTS.+ radical scavenging activities were approximately 65 and 94%, respectively. Moreover, the vinegar’s β-carotene bleaching activity and reducing power showed that it had strong anti-oxidant properties. These results show that Rubus coreanus vinegar has anti-oxidant properties and may be used as functional food.