Carbon micropatterns (CMs) were fabricated from a negative-type SU-8 photoresist by proton ion beam lithography and pyrolysis. Well-defined negative-type SU-8 micropatterns were formed by proton ion beam lithography at the optimized fluence of 1×1015 ions cm–2 and then pyrolyzed to form CMs. The crosslinked network structures formed by proton irradiation were converted to pseudo-graphitic structures by pyrolysis. The fabricated CMs showed a good electrical conductivity of 1.58×102 S cm–1 and a very low surface roughness.

We report the preparation of sulfonated reduced graphene oxide (SRGO) by the sulfonation of graphene oxide followed by radiation-induced chemical reduction. Graphene oxide prepared by the well-known modified Hummer's method was sulfonated with the aryl diazonium salt of sulfanilic acid. Sulfonated graphene oxide (SGO) dispersed in ethanol was subsequently reduced by γ-ray irradiation at various absorbed doses to produce SRGO. The results of optical, chemical, and thermal analyses revealed that SRGO was successfully prepared by γ-ray irradiation-induced chemical reduction of the SGO suspension. Moreover, the electrical conductivity of SRGO was increased up to 2.94 S/cm with an increase of the absorbed dose.

The effects of the estrogenic compound 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) on vitellogenesis in juvenile olive flounder ( ) and rockfish ( ) exposed continuously at 10, 50 and levels for 7 days were compared. The expression of VTG mRNA level and protein using specific probes were examined. The levels of plasma estradiol-17 and testosterone (T) were assessed by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Plasma concentrations increased significantly in two female fish species exposed to of 4-NP over concentrations in control fish. Plasma T concentrations increased in . Four days after exposure, the level of VTG mRNA expression increased in and exposed to of 4-NP. In addition, plasma VTG protein expression was seen in and . In and exposed to 4-NP, the changes were noticed mainly in hepatocytic vaculation after 7 days of exposure. Thus, 4-NP may disrupt vitellogenesis in immature fish both directly and indirectly via disrupted steroidogenesis and liver pathology. Immature were the most sensitive to 4-NP exposure in vitellogenesis.