Urbanization is one of the leading causes of habitat loss, habitat degradation, and fragmentation. Urban development negatively affects biodiversity. This study aimed to clarify the change of butterfly communities on effect of urbanization in urban green areas. Butterfly survey was conducted using the line transect methods from April to October in 2012. A total of 59 species and 1,465 individuals of butterflies were observed in four urban green areas: Namsan Park (NS), Ewha Womans University (EW), Bukseoul Dream Forest (BD), and Hongneung Forest (HF), and natural forest: Gwangneung Forest (GF). The category of land use around study site was determined based on GIS data. Species richness and abundance of niche breadth and habitat type in urban green areas differed significantly from those in GF. Estimated species richness and species diversity (H’) in four urban green areas were significantly lower than those in GF. Species richness and abundance of forest interior species and specialist were positively correlated with paddy, field, and forest, whereas those of forest interior species and specialist were negatively correlated with urban area and road. Butterfly communities in four urban green area differed from that in GF. The result suggests that the decrease of paddy, field, and forest associated with increase of urban area and road negatively influences species composition and changes butterfly communities.

In this study, we modeled a ship or marine structure into a rectangular resistance body and tried to examine surrounding flow characteristics and pressure distributions behind the resistance body experimentally and investigated pressure characteristics by a 3-dimension numerical simulation. As a result, the reattachment point of the mainstream separated from the upper part and proceeding to the rear part was about x/H=6, but by the influence of the negative pressure area formed behind the resistance body and interference of the flow flowed in winding from left and right, the reattachment point of some flows was formed near x/H=1.33. The perpendicular velocity component behind x/H=0 varies in size with the recycle flow shapes formed from the influence of the resistance body, but generally it shows a negative distribution and there is a decreasing pattern as it goes to the down part. We verified the result of the calculation by comparing the velocity distribution of 3-dimension numerical simulation using a commercial software and the PIV(particle image velocimetry) measurements. In the numerical simulation results, the static pressure characteristic behind the resistance body was proportional to the inflow velocity, and the dynamic pressure shows a similar pattern with constant-velocity from the experiment.

Jaecheol Lee. 2000. The Intervention Effects and the Typology of Wh-Specifiers. Studies in Modern Grammar 20, 133-156. In this paper, we examine whether the tax-paying strategy proposed by Norvin (1998) is justified in both the Wh-feature movement and the phrasal Wh-movement. Following the tax-paying strategy, once the first instance of movement to α has obeyed Attract Closest(AC), the other instances of movement to α need not satisfy it since the first operation to α has already paid AC tax. We assume that Wh-phrasal movement pays AC tax and Subjacency tax while Wh-feature movement pays only AC tax. They are supported by the following facts.: (i) multiple Wh-questions in Bulgarian, or (ii) the Superiority effects, Island phenomena and Weak Crossover constructions in English. We argue that the typology of Wh-Comlementizers play a crucial role in explaining the multiple questions in Bulgarian and English, the lack of the Superiority effects in German, and the Intervention effects in Korean and Japanese. Finally, we argue that the scope-bearing elements such as negations and quantifiers induce the Intervention effects only when they cause the separation construction of Wh-phrase through the Wh-feature movement or the Wh-operator movement without pied-piping of the whole DP. They are evidenced by the data in English, Korean, and Japanese.