The forty-nine cases of psittacine birds were submitted for disease diagnosis to the Avian Disease Division of the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA) of Korea from 2012 to 2021. On the basis of clinical manifestations and the presence of gross lesions, necropsy, bacteriological culture, virus detection and histopathological examination were performed according to an APQA diagnostic protocol. Bacterial diseases like chlamydiosis, colibacilosis, viral disease like proventricular dilatation disease, budgerigar fledgling disease (BFD), psittacine beak and feather disease and fungal infection and parasitic diseases like blackhead disease and coccidiosis were confirmed in forty-nine cases. We present here five cases report diagnosed fungal pneumonia, blackhead disease, BFD-fungal infection, BFD and psittacosis-bacterial enteritis in psittacine. Since the pathogen can be detected even in healthy parrots, histopathological diagnosis is necessary to determine the cause of death, and clinical symptoms and gross lesions must be fully considered. In addition, zoos and aviaries where large quantities of parrots are reared, these diseases can be reduced through sanitary management of the breeding environment.

The purpose of this study was to review regulatory management of the classification system and scope of veterinary medical devices in Korea. In Korea, the four categories of the classification system for veterinary medical devices (instruments, supplies, artificial insemination apparatus, and others) is somewhat differently than that for human medical devices (instruments, supplies, dental materials, and reagents for in vitro diagnostics). In 2013, veterinary medical devices were classified into approximately 1,400 items, whereas, human medical devices were classified into approximately 2,200 items. Dissimilar to human medical devices, veterinary medical devices have no individual identification codes for effective market management. In conclusion, it is necessary to introduce a device identification code system and re-examine scope of the classification system for veterinary medical devices in Korea.

In this study, we investigated and analyzed the registration, sales and regulatory management system of in vitro diagnostic veterinary medical reagents (IVDVMRs) in Korea. The registration of IVDVMRs has gradually increased since 2000, and total of 233 products from 58 companies were registered from 1975 to 2014. The market size of IVDVMRs is estimated to be approximately 12 billion Won per year from 2011 to 2013: the export sales and proportion was estimated to be 36.8% as 4.4 billion Won in 2013. Of these products, the ranking of the sales were canine heartworm, bovine tuberculosis, swine fever, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, canine distemper+adenovirus+parvovirus disease, foot and mouth disease, etc. In vitro diagnostic human medical reagents were diverted biological medicine from the medical devices by the revision of the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law Enforcement Regulations in 2014 in Korea. In contrast, in vitro diagnostic devices for animal were still managed as medical devices and biological medicines, respectively. The diagnostic reagents for infectious diseases have neither classification nor grade systems. Good manufacturing practices (GMP) requirements on IVDVMRs were also exempted from the current system. This study suggested that the registration of the IVDVMRs has increased since 2005, and regulations of these devices should be improved for the effective operating system.