식품 매개 병원균에 의한 문제는 식품산업뿐 아니라 세계 공공 보건에서도 문제가 된다. 최근 몇 년 간, 발효기술은 식품 내 병원성 미생물의 불활성화 및 이를 조절하기 위한 값 싸고 안전한 방법이라는 것이 밝혀졌다. 유산 균 발효는 병원성 세균 및 바이러스에 대해 유의적인 항균 효과를 갖는 과학적 증거를 보였다. 유기산, 박테리오신 및 과산화수소와 같은 유산균 대사체는 식품 매개 병원균에 대해 악영향을 미치고 이는 이들의 저해작용으로 이어진다. 이 화합물들은 물리적 결함만을 야기하는 것이 아니라 병 원균의 유전자 발현에 대해서도 유의적인 저해 효과를 나타낸다. 게다가, 식품 내 유산균의 존재는 병원균에 대해 영양적인 경쟁을 제공하며 모든 요인이 그 성장을 억제한다. 본 연구는 유산균의 항균력, 분자생물학적 메커니즘 및 식품 매개 병원균의 불활성화를 위한 응용에 대하여 우리의 현 지식을 검토한다.

사람이 섭취하는 식품 내의 항생제, 알레르기 유발 물질, 병원균 및 기타 오염물질의 수준을 모니터링하기 위해서는, 빠르고 정확하며 저렴한 비용으로 테스트 해야 한다. 이러한 문제 중 일부를 해결하기 위해 지난 10-15년 동안 진보된 기술(label-free biosensor assays)이 개발되어 왔다. 이 면역감지키트들은 실시간 측정이 가능하고, 높은 수준의 자동화를 제공하며, 향상된 처리율과 민감도를 가지고 있다. 또한, 기존의 방법과 비교하여 가격이 저렴하고, 덜 복잡하며, 분석 시간을 단축시켜주는 사용자 친화 적 키트이다. 이 리뷰에서는 면역감지키트의 장단점, 그리고 미래의 식품안전검사에서의 사용성에 관한 것에 대해 논의해 볼 것이다.

A full-scale process has been developed to immobilize fission products that accumulate within the Mark IV electrorefiner (ER) electrolyte at Idaho National Laboratory. ER salt was blended with treatment additives, followed by pressureless consolidation (PC) in a furnace to produce a durable ceramic waste form (CWF). The goal is the development of a process to consolidate actual radioactive ER salt into a form suitable for transportation and disposal.Four batches (300 to 400 kg per batch) of full-scale pre-qualification material preparation runs have been prepared. From these four batches of nonradioactive salt-loaded surrogate material, three full-scale PC trials have been conducted. The first PC test run, established equipment parameters with a basic CWF container design. The second trial included a modified CWF container design, real-time measurement of CWF consolidation, and an audio recording to identify cracking during the CWF cool-down. During the third trial, salt was doped (from the fourth material preparation batch) to create a nonradioactive salt material and to more closely represent actual ER salt. The second and third trials were also used to validate a model developed for the CWF. The CWF model is beneficial for understanding and predicting the physical processes that occur during the heat cycle. This would be particularly useful when the CWF is located in a hot cell, which makes accessing and examining a CWF difficult.

Medical technologies are gaining in importance because of scientific and technical progress in medicine andthe increasing average lifetime of people. This has opened up a huge market for medical devices, where complex-shapedmetallic parts made from biocompatible materials are in great demand. Today many of these components are alreadybeing manufactured by powder metallurgy technologies. This includes mass production of standard products and alsocustomized components. In this paper some aspects related to metal injection molding of Ti and its alloys as well asmodifications of microstructure and surface finish were discussed. The process chain of additive manufacturing (AM)was described and the current state of the art of AM processes like Selective Laser Melting and electron beam meltingfor medical applications was presented.

Selective surface densification is a tool for improving the mechanical properties of PM steels, such that the requirements for highly loaded gears can be matched. This paper describes the manufacturing and the properties of a helical P/M gear. The gear performance was evaluated on a 3-shaft back to back test rig, on a load bearing test rig and on a sound test bench. The results of these tests are presented and compared to data obtained from solid steel gear with identical geometry and surface quality. This comparison indicates that P/M gears have a load bearing capacity and noise level which are both well comparable to solid steel gears.

It is known that powder characteristics including particle size and distribution, particle shape, and chemical composition are important parameters which influence direct laser sintering of metal powders. In this paper, we introduce a first order kinetics model for densification of steel powders during laser sintering. A densification coefficient (K) is defined which express the potential of different powders to be laser-sintered to a high density dependent on their particle characteristics.

Cold spraying is a fairly new coating technique, which within the last decade attracted serious attention of research groups and spray companies. As compared to thermal spraying, the low process temperatures in cold spraying result in unique coating properties, which promise new applications. Since particles impact with high kinetic energy in the solid state, new concepts to describe coating formation are requested to enable the full potential of this new technology. The present contribution gives a brief review of current models concerning bonding, supplying a description of the most influential spray parameters and consequences for new developments. With respect to spray forming by cold cold spraying, microstructures and thick, further machineable structures are presented.

The global metal injection moulding industry is getting mature. The technology is on its way to grow from a niche technology to a widely accepted manufacturing process. This paper addresses the latest technological trends in MIM. Challenges in materials development as well as the current limits of the technology are discussed. Trends in processing like 2-component injection moulding and micro injection moulding are presented. The European MIM market situation is described and some key factors for business success are addressed. In the discussion of future business opportunities best practice examples are included.

There is an increasing demand for PM-processes with the capability to produce parts of higher complexity than with conventional press and sinter technology in high production numbers. Warm-flow-compaction (WFC) makes use of improved flowability of powders when blended in an appropriate ratio with fine powder fractions and lubricating binders. Here the process is shown with examples of PM-Steels. General features possible with the process like pressing of undercuts and threaded bores are shown.

An innovative material using the thermal insulation concrete (TIC) mixed with a sufficient volume of glazed hollow beads (GHBs) is described and discussed. The effects of glazed hollow beads on the mechanical properties, thermal conductivity and, microstructure of the TIC were first investigated. The study results show that with the increase of the replacement ratio of GHBs, the density, compressive strength, elasticity modulus, and thermal conductivity coefficient of concrete decrease. The optimal mixing amount of glazed hollow beads in the concrete is 15-20%. Then, the properties related to the bonding between the TIC and rebars in freeze-thaw environment were investigated. A total of 132 pullout specimens and 216 cubic specimens made of the TIC were tested, which cover three concrete strength grades, three rebar diameters, and six anchorage lengths. The compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, bond strength, slip, and relative dynamic modulus of elasticity were studied. The research results indicate that the bond performance of the TIC is mainly affected by the rebar diameter and anchorage length, rather than the concrete strength. The TIC is found to be satisfactory in terms of frost resistance and may be utilized in engineered structures in cold regions. Lastly, the effects of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) on the compressive strength, thermal conductivity, and microstructure of recycled aggregate thermal insulation concrete (RATIC) are presented. The pore fractal dimension was established by using the mercury-injection test data. The average fractal dimension was used to characterize the thermal conductivity of RATIC.