The Smart AtoN(Aids to Navigation) project aims to upgrade the facilities of AtoN to provide new additional information to nearby ships and unmanned ships. This paper deals with methods for collecting various sensor data through standardized interfaces; the NMEA-0183(serial line), the NMEA-2000(CAN), and the NMEA OneNet(IPv6). The AIS(Automatic Identification System) and the AIS-ASM(Application Specific Message) are considered as communication means for providing sensor information to nearby ships. In this paper, we summarize existing NMEA sentences for collecting sensor data and AIS-ASM messages that can be used to deliver sensor data to ships. Information provided from the smart AtoN through AIS, ASM, etc. may be presented on the shipborne displays that complies with the IEC62288:2021 standard.

With the development of maritime ICT, the introduction of e-navigation and the MASS (maritime autonomous surface ship), the types and scope of maritime communication networks are expanding, and the need for digital AtoN services is increasing. However, due to problems such as the aging of fishing crews, coastal backlight, weather conditions, and inexperience with regard to the use of advanced navigation equipment on board, the visual and electronic perception of AtoN is degraded, and it is difficult to ensure safe ship navigation. In this study, in response to the introduction of the MASS, a plan for the development of an active customized virtual digital AtoN service system in consideration of ship operating conditions and geographic conditions is proposed. The proposed service system may facilitate electronic identification of AtoN and contribute to preventing marine accidents by ensuring the safe navigation of ships.

The SV1 service - NAMAS(Navigation Monitoring & Assistance Service) collects ship’s position data in all South Korean waters, and predicts the next positions, calculates the CPAs between ships within a certain distance, evaluates basic collision risk and each vulnerability, then integrates to the navigational collision risk. This paper describes the functions and background chosen in the navigation risk solving system; Data characteristics, framework of navigation risk solving system, and data structures and methods for efficient computation for CPA calculations and detecting accident risk situations.

In recent year, marine safety has been one of top concerns in Korea. In this paper, general statistics of ship in 159 waterways in Korea from 2007 to 2017 were considered. Main objective of this research is to investigate the relationship between the number of marine accidents and traffic conditions in narrow waterways by multiple regression analysis method. The result shows that the number of vessels, the width, the length and the depth of narrow waterway have an influence on the number of maritime accidents in corresponding area. Additionally, the number of vessels sailing has the most significant impact on the number of accidents in narrow waterway area.

A robust adaptive control approach is proposed for underactuated surface ship linear path-tracking control system based on the backstepping control method and Lyapunov stability theory. By employing T-S fuzzy system to approximate nonlinear uncertainties of the control system, the proposed scheme is developed by combining “dynamic surface control” (DSC) and “minimal learning parameter” (MLP) techniques. The substantial problems of “explosion of complexity” and “dimension curse” existed in the traditional backstepping technique are circumvented, and it is convenient to implement in applications. In addition, an auxiliary system is developed to deal with the effect of input saturation constraints. The control algorithm avoids the singularity problem of controller and guarantees the stability of the closed-loop system. The tracking error converges to an arbitrarily small neighborhood. Finally, MATLAB simulation results are given from an application case of Dalian Maritime University training ship to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

This paper unveils the strong competition in container cargo between Hong Kong Port which has been emerging as an international maritime center since the 1970s and Shenzhen Port which has recently gained remarkable achievements in the Pearl River Delta region. Among various competing strategies, the study focuses on the long-term one in which two ports will decide to compete by investing in capacity. The purpose of this research is to examine their decision, making process and to suggest future strategic actions in the current situation. Within its scope, only economic profit brought back from the investment is considered. For this reason, an uncertain payoff two-person game model is developed where an uncertain factor of demand is involved. In applying Uncertainty theory (Liu, 2013), the two methods to solve the game are introduced, including uncertain statistics and the expected Nash Equilibrium strategy. The results obtained from this research generate meaningful suggestions for future competition plan for the two selected ports, which conclude that Shenzhen is the dominant port in this long-term strategy. Compared to existing works on the same topic, the paper shows its distinctiveness by studying the latest competitive situation with regard to the uncertain demand in the game model.

Over the last 30 years the extent of sea-ice covering the North Pole has declined about 15∼20% on average, and it is expected that by the end of the 21st century, vast areas of the Arctic Ocean will be ice-free during the summer season, thus, increasing the possibility of ship navigation across the Arctic Ocean. In this paper, we have developed a model of shipping for the Northwest Passage (hereinafter NWP) in northern Canada to determine whether ice thinning will make this route more economically viable when compared with the Panama Canal. Among the 7 routes of the NWP, Route 2 and Route 3 offer better navigational conditions than the others. However, Route 3 has a depth limit of only 10m, so here we use Route 2 which is suitable for deep draft navigation to carry on our analysis. Container ships of 4,500∼15,000 TEU under Hub and spoke mode, container shipping between Busan port and New York port is simulated for the Panama Canal and the NWP. This paper considers Canada’s sovereignty in matters of navigation over the waters at the Arctic Archipelago, in the form of a toll fee for passage usage. We concluded that the NWP has an advantage over the Panama Canal if it is open for free international passage, regardless of ship size. However, if it is not free, its advantages depend on its toll fee. The lower the toll fee is, the more advantages the NWP will boast.

In the era of e-Navigation, it is important to deliver maritime traffic information from a shore based station to all navigating vessels. However, in a vessel boarding system, there is a limit to the amount of raw traffic data that can be processed. In this paper, we used the Automatic Identification System (AIS) data as metadata to build up the maritime traffic gridded database by projecting traffic data on a geographic coordinate system. In order to apply this database to the image layer for transferring to the ship efficiently, we have developed a maritime traffic display layer and route traffic information layer. All simulated data was collected and analyzed with the AIS in a Vessel Traffic Service(VTS) center.