We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of ensemble optimal interpolation (EnOI) in improving the analysis of significant wave height (SWH) within wave models using satellite-derived SWH data. Satellite observations revealed higher SWH in mid-latitude regions (30o to 60o in both hemispheres) due to stronger winds, whereas equatorial and coastal areas exhibited lower wave heights, attributed to calmer winds and land interactions. Root mean square error (RMSE) analysis of the control experiment without data assimilation revealed significant discrepancies in high-latitude areas, underscoring the need for enhanced analysis techniques. Data assimilation experiments demonstrated substantial RMSE reductions, particularly in high-latitude regions, underscoring the effectiveness of the technique in enhancing the quality of analysis fields. Sensitivity experiments with varying ensemble sizes showed modest global improvements in analysis fields with larger ensembles. Sensitivity experiments based on different decorrelation length scales demonstrated significant RMSE improvements at larger scales, particularly in the Southern Ocean and Northwest Pacific. However, some areas exhibited slight RMSE increases, suggesting the need for region-specific tuning of assimilation parameters. Reducing the observation error covariance improved analysis quality in certain regions, including the equator, but generally degraded it in others. Rescaling background error covariance (BEC) resulted in overall improvements in analysis fields, though sensitivity to regional variability persisted. These findings underscore the importance of data assimilation, parameter tuning, and BEC rescaling in enhancing the quality and reliability of wave analysis fields, emphasizing the necessity of region-specific adjustments to optimize assimilation performance. These insights are valuable for understanding ocean dynamics, improving navigation, and supporting coastal management practices.

Extant studies assessing determinants of peer-to-peer (P2P) accommodation prices have mainly focused on individual listing-level analysis, with a less attention to inter-regional dynamics between cooperation and competition. While Airbnb has announced how to set a pricing strategy tool called “smart pricing” to help hosts gauge rental rates, many hosts find that its suggesting prices are too low, failing to offer a robust picture of their destination market (Jiang et al., 2022). This calls for a research on how P2P accommodation hosts can benefit from coopetitive pricing strategy – a hybrid behavior of cooperation and competition that occurs among hosts or regions (Chim-Miki & Batista-Canino, 2018).

Low molecular weight hydrolysates from donkey bone extracts (LHDB) was prepared with different food enzymes, and its antioxidative, elastase and collagenase inhibitory, and fibroblast cell protection effects against photoaging were evaluated. Gelatin from donkey bone was extracted three times at 121℃ for 1 h and was lyophilized. The lyophilized powder (5 g) was dissolved in 95 mL distilled water with 1% FoodPro alkaline protease (A), 1% Protease P (P), 1% Protease M (M) and a 0.3% A + 0.3% P + 0.3% M (APM) mixture and was hydrolyzed for 3 h at 45℃. After enzyme inactivation at 90℃ for 10 min, the LHDBs hydrolyzed by A, P, M, and APM were separated by centrifugal filtration and were lyophilized and marked as LHDB-A, LHDB-P, LHDB-M, LHDB-APM. The LHDB-M showed higher 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline–6- sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) than the other treatments (p<0.05). The elastase inhibition effect (37.49%) of LHDB-M were significantly higher than those of the other treatments (9.97-34.18%). The viability of human fibroblast cells (Hs68) after UVB irradiation was significantly increased by LHDB-M, indicating that it can be used as an antioxidant or as a UVB stress protector. However, further in vivo studies should precede its usage in the bioactive compound industry.

Heating for disinfestation has been practiced of at the condition of 55-60°C for at least 48 hours in various facilities of stored and processed agricultural products. However, it has been required to reduce temperature and time due to the economic efficiency. To improve disinfestation efficiency of heating, we demonstrated whether combined treatments of heat with other agents exert synergistic for disinfestation. Heat treatments were combined with 1 ppm diatomaceous earth (DE), 10 ppm phosphine or 10% carbon dioxide against Plodia interpunctella, Sitophilus zeamais and Tribolium castaneum. Insects were treated single or multiple combinations of each component for 6 h at either 25°C or 40°C, then mortalities were monitored for 14 days post-treatments. Combined treatments greatly enhanced mortalities and shorten killing time of three species rather than single treatments. Particularly, heat treatments with 1 ppm DE and 10 ppm phosphine completely lethal within 3-6 h post-treatments, but heating with 10% CO2 was not much effective. Among three species, S. zeamais adults were more suscpetable to heat but both larvae and adults of T. castaneum was highly susceptible to phosphine. Our results clearly showed that combined treatment of DE or phosphine with mild heating (40°C) greatly improved mortalities of three major stored pest insects and provide advanced techniques for disinfestation of stored product pests.

Plodia interpunctella, Indianmeal moth, is world-widely distributed pest in stored and manufactured agricultural products. Practically, this species seriously damaged by the infestation of most stored and manufactured agricultural products. It is necessary to find useful techniques for the control of stored-product pests insects including P. interpunctella. Recently, heating at 55℃ for 48 h can be practically used to disinfest stored-product insects in the filed of manufactures. To improve efficiency of this technique we conducted combination treatments with heat and diatomaceous earth. At room temperature, wandering larvae, which is most tolerant developmental stage to heat, were not dead regardless of diatomaceous earth (4 mg/L) treatment within 24 h. However, incubation at 40℃, all the larvae were dead with diatomaceous earth treatment while its mortality was 28% without diatomaceous earth treatment. Thus, heating effects was significantly improved by the combined treatments of diatomaceous earth. This effect was increased when temperature was higher and the exposed time is longer. Our results clearly showed that the combined treatments of both heat and diatomaceous earth showed synergistic effects for the control of P. interpunctella.