Hindwings of many lycaenid butterflies have a unique tail-like wing structure referred to as a false head, which actually mimics the antennae. False heads increase butterfly survival by directing predatory attacks towards the false heads thereby enhancing the chance of escape. In this study, using discrete character evolution models of European and American butterflies, we examined the co-evolutionary patterns between false head structures and two associated traits: a highly contrasting color patch neighboring the false head, and hindwing rubbing behaviors. The former is considered a eye-mimicking structure that enhances the effectiveness of false head, and latter generates the movement of false heads which likely increases the success of false head deception. Our findings demonstrate that false heads are ancestral states for both European and American lycaenids. Both contrasting colors and hindwing rubbing behaviors follow correlated evolution models, suggesting that these traits co-evolved in lycanid butterflies. However, specific evolutionray patterns differed between the two continents.

Patients experiencing out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OOHCA) during the weekend are less likely to survive to hospital admission than those experiencing OOHCA on weekdays. We aimed to determine whether the survival rates of in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) were lower on weekends than on weekdays. We comprehensively reviewed the records of patients who experienced IHCA at CBNUH between 2018 and 2020. A total of 861 IHCAs occurred during the study period; these data included recurrent IHCA cases, as some patients experienced more than one IHCA. Of these, 739 IHCA cases were included in the survival analysis, and the survival rate was 65.2%, which is higher than the rate reported in a previous study. There were no differences in the survival rate between weekdays and weekends. Additionally, the time of day at which IHCA occurred and pre-IHCA intubation status did not affect survival. Patients in wards were less likely to survive than those in intensive care units (60.0% vs. 66.0%). Although pre-IHCA intubation did not show any added value in preventing sudden cardiac arrests, meticulous patient care and monitoring in terms of intra- or extrapulmonary oxygen therapy is needed, as is the promotion of cardio-pulmonary-cerebral resuscitation (CPCR) equipment availability and quick rescuer responses for patients with IHCA. Our findings may be of value in improving CPCR guidelines and monitoring patients at risk of IHCA.

The ambiguity of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) posed a challenge to many medical researchers in the early days after its discovery and continues to do so till date. The establishment of the Budapest Criteria of the International Association for the Study of Pain resolved certain queries on CRPS. Many aspects of CRPS, such as pathophysiology and etiology, remain unknown. Therefore, of these aspects, we focused on the genetic basis of CRPS. In this qualitative review, we summarized the recent findings on the genetic association of CRPS and analyzed the roles of genes identified in each study and limitations of the studies. In particular, we confirmed the reliability of each study by comparing the following research, which used the following control groups or the same candidate genes. Notably, specific phenotypes of CRPS with dystonia indicate a significant association with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ8. Further, HLA-DQ8, which is associated with aberrant CD4+ T-cell reaction, could be associated with CRPS etiology since an increased CD4+ T-cell population was reported in CRPS patients. In addition, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 found in genome-wide expression profiling is noteworthy since MMP-9 is associated with neuro-inflammatory reactions. Despite these suggestions on the genetic aspects of CRPS, the pathophysiology and etiology of CRPS may be polygenic and multifactorial, influenced by multiple genes and other factors. Further, some studies have suggested that CRPS phenotypes have different etiologies. Thus, further studies with the precise classification of CRPS on a unified basis and with a significant number of case groups are required

Patient-controlled sedation systems, in which the patient has control of sedative administration, have been shown to be effective and safe for patients undergoing minor procedures. Safety depends on the adequacy of the step-wise increase in dose of the sedative, the lockout time and patient’s ability to adjust the effective activation of the handset. While there is no patient-controlled sedation (PCS) system available domestically, we have developed a new purpose-built PCS pump, and determined its degree of precision using a microweight measuring scale. The PCS system was designed to be applied to most intravenous sedatives and work through a newly developed operating software algorithm that titrates the doses and lockout times. Our system titrates the doses through software modification, and for experimental purposes, the number of steps for handset activation by the patient was set to four, and the lockout time was set to 30 s. The degree of precision of the PCS system was tested using an electronic weighing scale. The comparison of the amount infused via the PCS system with weight on the scale showed nearly same patterns at the four infusion stages, and the difference was minimal (3% on average at each infusion step). We designed and manufactured a pilot button-type PCS pump capable of use by the patient for optimal sedation, and confirmed the precise working mechanism of the pump, thereby reducing the margin of error for infusion accuracy to 3% or less on average

Since a cluster of pneumonia cases of unknown etiology was first reported in China in December 2019, the number of confirmed cases with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) worldwide has been increasing, and nearly two million patients are expected to have died by February 2021. Globally, COVID-19 is being considered a primary pulmonary disease, but it is more than a lung infection. This is because patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 present with a variety of clinical signs and symptoms involving many organs, ranging from fever, inflammation, myocardial injury, shock, and the development of coronary artery aneurysm. SARS-CoV-2 shows unique characteristics in its transmission, mortality, and stability in different environmental conditions. During COVID-19 pandemic, about 10 drugs have been clinically tried with none proven to be effective. With no prospect for effective drugs in the near future, there are currently possibilities of success with vaccines and convalescent plasma. Along with the prospect of vaccines and other therapeutic drugs, special precautions (isolation, testing, treating, and tracing) are strictly recommended until we return to normal situations. In this review we comprehensively analyzed the clinical presentations, characteristics, and outcomes of patients with COVID-19, and tried to assess the clinical effects of some drugs as part of the ongoing efforts to understand COVID-19 pandemic.

본 연구에서는 당동만을 중심으로 빈산소가 발생하는 물리적 해양환경 특성을 파악하고, 로지스틱 회귀분석을 이용해 빈 산소 발생확률을 예측하였다. 관측 자료를 분석한 결과, 브런트-바이살라 주파수는 수심이 깊은 만 입구보다 수심이 얕은 만 내측에서 더 크게 나타났다. 이는 당동만 내측에서 담수 유입으로 인해 표층 염분이 낮아져 강한 밀도 성층이 형성되었기 때문이다. 시간적으로 는 6월 ~ 9월까지 리차드슨 수와 브런트 바이살라 주파수가 매우 높게 나타났고, 9월 2일 이후로는 성층이 완화되어 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 당동만에서 관측된 용존산소 및 수온, 염분 자료를 분석한 결과, 저층의 용존산소 농도는 공통적으로 표층과 저층의 수온차에 가장 큰 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 수심차(dz)를 고정된 변수로 두고, 수온차(dt)의 변화에 의한 빈산소의 발생 확률의 변화 를 계산한 결과, 수심차(dz)가 각각 5 m, 10 m, 15 m, 20 m일 경우, 수온차(dt)는 8℃, 7℃, 5℃, 3℃일 때 빈산소 발생확률이 70 %를 상회 하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 당동만에서 수심차(dz)가 커질수록 빈산소 발생에 필요한 수온차(dt)는 작아지게 된다는 것을 뜻하며, 특 히 당동만에서 수심차(dz)가 20 m 내외인 지역은 빈산소가 발생하기 매우 쉬운 환경이라는 것을 알 수 있었다.

The objective of measurement of bio-signals in measurement uncertainty is not to determine the true value as closely as possible, but to determine a measured value and to assign the interval of the value. The measurement uncertainty is estimated by type A and B evaluations, depending on whether they are evaluated by statistics or the mathematical probability theory. Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring is used often for early detection of inherent risk relevant to neurosurgical procedures leading to permanent neurological injury, while it is still potentially reversible. In this study, we evaluated the uncertainties in somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs), which are used for monitoring sensory neural pathways. In a 45-year-old man who underwent cervical laminectomy, SSEPs were monitored using the ISIS IOM SYSTEM (Inomed, Emendingen, Germany) to evaluate the uncertainties. Expanded uncertainty were 0.88 mV and 1.22 ms, for amplitude and latency, respectively. Measured values and corresponding uncertainties of amplitude and latency were 2.78 ± 0.88 mV and 24.02 ± 1.22 ms, respectively. The expanded uncertainty (0.88 mV) of the amplitude was approximately 30% of the mean value (2.78 mV). A reasonable explanation for this would be the effects of variables such as electromagnetic waves (diathermy and warming blankets), temperature, blood pressure, sex and body mass index on SSEPs. Careful attention is required in interpreting SSEPs.

Pigs are considered as optimal donor animal for the successful xenotransplantation. To increase the possibility of clinical application, genetic modification to increase compatibility with human is an important and essential process. Genetic modification technique has been developed and improved to produce genetically modified pigs rapidly. CRISPR/Cas9 system is widely used in various fields including the production of transgenic animals and also can be enable multiple gene modifications. In this study, we developed new gene targeting vector and enrichment system for the rapid and efficient selection of genetically modified cells. We conducted co-transfection with two targeting vectors for simultaneous inactivation of two genes and enrichment of the genetically modified cells using MACS. After this efficient enrichment, genotypic analysis of each colony showed that colonies which have genetic modifications on both genes were confirmed with high efficiency. Somatic cell nuclear transfer was conducted with established donor cells and genetically modified pigs were successfully produced. Genotypic and phenotypic analysis of generated pigs showed identical genotypes with donor cells and no surface expression of α-Gal and HD antigens. Furthermore, functional analysis using pooled human serum revealed dramatically reduction of human natural antibody (IgG and IgM) binding level and natural antibody-mediated cytotoxicity. In conclusion, the constructed vector and enrichment system using MACS used in this study is efficient and useful to generate genetically modified donor cells with multiple genetic alterations and lead to an efficient production of genetically modified pigs.

There have long been debated whether Jeju king cherry in Korea and Punus x yedoensis (Yoshino cherry) in Japan are the same or not and its originality. Recent genomic approach among P. yedoensis and closed related varieties from Korea, Japan and USA confirms that P. yedoensis is F1 hybrid. The results also show that there are two types of Jeju king cherry in Mt. Halla, Jeju, Korea and one type is clearly different and the other type is the same grouping to Yoshino cherry in Japan and USA and the maternal texa of the two types in Jeju is the same of P. pendula. The search of paternal texa of the same type and further molecular genetic analysis and classification among newly found hundreds of Jeju King Trees in natural habitats of Mt. Halla including a 265 year-old tree along with previous findings would reveal the hypothesis that two independent F1 hybrid of P. yedoensis are evolved in Mt. Halla where is the only natural birth place of P. yedoensis in the world. Furthermore, policy agenda of king cherry tree eco-exploration among six countries including two divided Korea proposed. In terms of bio-diplomacy, it was amazing fact that Jeju King Cherry trees were sent USA under Japanese colony in 1912. In 1943, USA Congressman John Rankin of Mississippi confirms that they were Korean Cherry Trees. The first four of these trees were presented to the American University in 1943 by the Korean Women’s Relief Society of Honolulu according to notice of AU’s School authority. As Jeju NAtional University students and teachers confirmed the fact in April 2018, they suggest Jeju King Cherry Trees Eco- Exploration between the two universities at university level, hoping to extend a warming program of planting Jeju King Cherry trees at the Dalma tourism complex in Wonsan city of North Korea in April of 2020.

The aim of this paper is to illuminate some aspects of the Jeju 4.3 Grand Tragedy (the Jeju Tragedy) education and informing process. We hope to not only with these aspects show some aspects of moral origin of the Jeju World Peace Island movement, but to share a culture of peace with world citizens through world civilization education cross the Pacific at a local, national and global level. In addition bring liberty to the cause of national freedom of the SAM IL movement of 1919 in Korea. it actualizes itself as a peace buffer zone locally, nationally and globally through the “Jeju World Peace Island Treaty JWPIT,” based on international agreement of the Six Talks Nations because “it is believed that that they (Jeju islanders) will follow the pattern of the SAM IL movement of 1919 with the participants imbued with the spirit of sacrifice to life and liberty to the cause of national freedom (G-2 Summary Report)” as a moral origin of Jeju World Peace Island. Globally, one New Haven teacher has been working on an elective course called “The Power of Culture in a Multicultural World” in which to use social studies tools to investigate the meaning and importance of culture. Jeju offers an excellent opportunity to explore a culture that few New Haven students are familiar with. It will be for students to use the Jeju idea of turning troubles into opportunities, as a vehicle for addressing local issues” (“New Haven Learn- Teach Jeju 4.3,” New Haven Independent: March 29, 2017). Another New Haven teacher in his history class explains the different components of genocide. “Although the Jeju 4.3 events are not deemed genocide by the international community, using this as a lens to understand broader concepts seemed really exciting.” Jeju offers educators an opportunity to teach the curriculum but instead of gratuitous death and violence, there is a legacy of hope, healing, reconciliation and remembrance.” (Ibid, New Haven Independent: March 29, 2017). Locally and partially on the global level, “The Resurgence of Jeju 4.3 Social Healing Advocacy of “PETITION FOR A JOINT SOUTH KOREA AND UNITED STATES JEJU 4.3 INCIDENT TASK FORCE TO FURTHER IMPLEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS AND FOSTER COMPREHENSIVE AND ENDURING SOCIAL HEALING THROUGH JUSTICE” (March 27, 2014). The petition supports a combined solution to social healing for numerous survivors of Jeju 4.3. Based on interviews with members of the Jeju 4.3 Victim Family Association, 20% of them are now elderly and require expensive medical care and assistance. Many continue to suffer from psychological trauma (PTSD). It serves as a beacon of international peace in the same vein as May 24, 2015’s event, “Women Cross DMZ Demilitarized Zone.” Jeju itself aims to serve as a “Peace Buffer Zone” between the two Koreas among 6 Nations Talks within the framework of the Jeju World Peace Island Treaty, similar to Costa Rica. Never before has the need for a Peace Island in the region been so vital, with China stretching its reach across the ocean, and President Trump flexing his muscles against North Korea, the time has come for serious peacemaking, that is, prevention of conflict. It’s a real time to think about actualization of Jeju World Peace Island Treaty for Peace between two Koreas.