우리나라의 “곤충산업의 육성 및 지원에 관한 법률”은 곤충산업에 대한 직면한 문제 등 다양한 관점에서 다루 고 있다는 점을 시사한다. 이는 곤충에 대한 연구를 인간과 함께 할 수 있는 식용화, 약리활성 접근법을 통해 변화 를 가져야 한다는 것을 의미하기도 한다. 최근의 시사점은 곤충을 식용화하여 곤충산업을 활성화 하는 것이 최우 선 과제로 이 역시 곤충에 대한 혐오가 가장 큰 문제였다. 예를 들면, 곤충은 생리활성물질을 포함하고 있어 기능성 식품으로 개발되었지만 곤충에 대한 인식전환의 문제점을 내포하고 있다. 곤충을 활용할 때 가장 큰 장점은 유기 성 폐자원을 분해할 수 있기 때문에 우수한 곤충자원을 확보하는 하는 것이 우리의 연구에서 매우 중요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 대표적인 곤충인 굼벵이 유충을 성장단계에 따라 유기성 폐자원을 분해할 수 있는지를 평가했다. 우리의 연구에서 굼벵이 유충은환경정화곤충으로서의 가치는 감소가 되었다. 또한 이 결과는 곤충농 가의 활용 측면에서 기초적 정보를 제공하는데 있다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the egg freshness and eggshell characteristics of old laying hens by adding sea urchin shell powder to the feed of such hens to achieve the objectives continuously pursued by environmental management, such as business profitability and waste resource utilization. A total of 90 Hy-Line Brown layers (66 weeks of age) were randomly divided into 2 treatments with 3 replicates, each of which consisted of 15 older layers, for 4 weeks. These treatments included a control (i.e., 0%) and 2% sea urchin shell powder. The 2% supplementation of sea urchin shell powder increased the Haugh unit (HU) at 2 and 4 weeks and eggshell strength at 4 wks compared to the controls (p<0.05). The HU at 0 weeks, eggshell thickness from 0 through 3 weeks, and eggshell strength at 0 and 2 weeks were not different between treatments (p>0.05). These results suggest that the addition of 2% sea urchin powder to the feed of laying hens improves egg freshness and eggshell strength in old laying hens.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary microbial-fermented molasses on egg production and egg quality in laying hens.In total, 90 Hy-line Brown laying hens were divided into two treatment groups (control and 1% microbial-fermented molasses)with three replicates of 15 birds each. During the experimental period, supplementation of hen diets with 1% microbial-fermented molassesdid not influence egg weight, hen-day egg production, egg mass, and feed conversion ratio (p > 0.05), except for feed intake. Regarding egg quality, diets containing 1% microbial-fermented molasses significantly affected eggshell thickness, Haugh unit, and albumen height (p < 0.05). However, there were no remarkable differences between control and 1% microbial-fermented molasses in eggshell color and egg yolk color (p > 0.05). These results indicate that supplementing 1% microbial-fermented molasses to the diet of laying hens improved egg quality parameters such as eggshell thickness, Haugh unit, and albumen height rather than egg production.

This study evaluated the duck growth performance and the economic benefits on using illite as a feed additive for ducks. Illite powder at three levels (0%, 1%, and 1.5%) was added to commercial duck diets, and fed to 180 one-day-old ducks (Pekin, 3 replicates, 20 ducks per pen) using a randomized block design for 39 days. During the experimental period, there were no significant growth performance differences between treatments (p>0.05), except with the feed conversion ratio (p<0.05), for all periods (8-39 days). In addition, the dietary supplementation of 1% and 1.5% illite did not significantly improve (p>0.05) Feed Intake Cost (FIC), Weight Gain Value (WGV), Meat Production Cost (MPC), Economic Efficiency (EE), Profitability (P), or cost benefit ratio for 8 to 21 d, 22 to 39 d, and 8 to 39 d. However, the differences in meat production cost and profitability between treatments were statistically significant (p<0.05) for all periods (8-39 d). In conclusion, adding 1% and 1.5% illite to duck diets is not beneficial for improving either the duck growth performance or the economic indicators.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of duck litter in ducks fed diets containing Houttuynia cordata powder. One-day-old ducklings (Pekin) were randomly divided into two groups and fed a control or 1% H. cordata powder-containing diet for an experimental period of three weeks. The results showed that pH for 1–2 weeks and total nitrogen for 1–3 weeks in duck litter were affected by dietary treatments with 1% H. cordata powder (P < 0.05). For Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs), there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between ducks fed 1% H. cordata and control diets, as shown in the results for acetic acid and propionic acid in duck litter over three weeks; but, this was not the case for propionic acid at 3 weeks. The inclusion of 1% H. cordata powder in the diet had a the positive effect on increasing the total nitrogen and decreasing pH and VFAs in duck litter.

Ninety ducks (one-day-old Pekins, 45 males and 45 females) were used to evaluate the effects of supplementing diets with Houttuynia cordata powder on the fatty acid profiles of duck breast meat. The ducks were allotted to one of the three treatment diets using a completely randomized design, each treatment-group containing three replicate pens with ten birds each (five of each gender). The experimental diets were: 1) Control (basal diet), 2) T1 (Control+ 1% Houttuynia cordata) and 3) T2 (Control+2% Houttuynia cordata). In spite of significant difference, the addition of Houttuynia cordata resulted in higher unsaturated fatty acid and lower saturated fatty acid contents than in the Control group. However, no remarkable difference was observed between 1% and 2 % Houttuynia cordata groups for fatty acid profiles.

Repeated additions of untreated slurry to soil affected ecology and caused high levels of heavy metal in soil and ground water. The objective of this study was to evaluate heavy metal from hanwoo slurry with ferrous sulfate (FeSO4·7H2O), aluminum sulfate [Al2(SO4)3·14H2O, alum] and aluminum chloride (AlCl3·6H2O) as a way to improve environmental management in hanwoo industry. The treatment rates, which were incorporated totally within the hanwoo slurry, were 1.0 g and 1.5 g of ferrous sulfate, alum and aluminum chloride/25 g of hanwoo slurry. The various rates of chemical additives significantly increased dry matter (9.98~13.94%) and decreased pH (3.48~6.52) compared with the controls. The use of chemical additives decreased Fe (11~29%), Al (7~12%), Zn (13~36%), and Cu (4~32%) contents, except for Fe in hanwoo slurry with ferrous sulfate and Al in hanwoo slurry with alum and aluminum chloride. In addition, the reduction in heavy metal should be associated with reduction in pH. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that alum and aluminum chloride additives at rate of 1.5 g were cost-effective management practice that significantly reduces heavy metal from hanwoo slurry, while it may be improved environmental management.

Recent studies have shown that alum addition to litter results in many environmental and economic advantages, such as reductions in metal runoff, lower ammonia emission and improved poultry performance. However, no research has been conducted to evaluate the effects of different types of alum on soluble metals in poultry litter. The objective of this study was conducted to investigate changes in soluble metal from poultry litter with different types of aluminum sulfate (alum) under laboratory condition. The treatments used in this study, which were mixed in the upper 1 cm of litter or sprayed onto the litter surface, were 4 g alum, 8 g alum, 8.66 g liquid alum, 17.3 g liquid alum, 11.2 g A7 (high acid alum), and 22.4 g A7 (high acid alum)/100 g litter. Applying different types of alum to poultry litter reduced (P<0.05) concentrations of soluble Fe (9 to 54%), Cu (9 to 49%) and Zn (11 to 40%), relative to untreated litter, whereas it increased Ca and Mg (P<0.05). Mean soluble Fe and Cu levels in poultry litter from different types of alum decreased in the order: 22.4 g A7 (54% and 49%) > 17.3 g liquid alum (48% and 42%) > 8 g alum (48% and 31%) > 4 g alum (28% and 10%) > 8.6 g liquid alum (10% and 9%) > 11.2 g A7 (8.6% and 9%). Additionally, the high reduction in soluble Zn concentration was 4 g alum (40%), followed by 8 g alum (26%), 22.4 g A7 (25%), 17.3 g liquid alum (23%), 8.66 g liquid alum (18%), and 11.2 g A7 (11%), respectively. In conclusion, the current studies suggest that treating poultry litter with different types of alum can be applied to reduce soluble metal (Fe, Cu, and Zn) and to develop a production to merchandise for poultry litter that would result in reduction in pollutants from these materials. Furthermore, in order to improve environmental management in the poultry industry, the use of alum, liquid alum and high acid alum all should be provided a valid means of reducing negative environmental impact.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of chemical additives on total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), and total volatile fatty acids (total VFAs) in hanwoo slurry. The treatments in this study were ferrous sulfate, alum, and aluminum chloride, and applied at the rate of 0, 0.5, and 1.0 g/25 g of hanwoo slurry. All of the chemical treatments significantly lowered TP (11 to 53% of the untreated control), SRP (41 to 99.9% of the untreated control), and total VFAs (22 to 48.5% of the untreated control) by reducing hanwoo slurry pH (3.42 to 6.86). Among these chemical amendments, addition of 0.5 g ferrous sulfate, alum, and aluminum chloride to hanwoo slurry were the best results evaluated on farms with respect to reducing negative environmental impacts. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that the use of chemical amendments should be considered in the development of best management practices (BMPs) for the hanwoo industries.

To determine changes in nitrogen contents and optimal rates as N fertilizer, we investigated nitrogen characteristics in the slurry in the respond to the application of 0, 0.5, and 1 g of ferrous sulfate or alum /25g of dairy slurry. Additions of ferrous sulfate or alum increase total nitrogen, inorganic nitrogen, available nitrogen, and predicted available nitrogen contents in dairy slurry, resulting in reduction in pH. The best results were found in the treatment with 0.5 g of ferrous sulfate or alum /25 g of dairy slurry. In conclusion, the use of ferrous sulfate or alum as on-farm amendment to dairy slurry should be represented an alternative to improve N in dairy slurry.

The goals of this study were conducted to investigate the effects of applying liquid aluminum chloride (AlCl3) to rice hulls on pH and soluble reactive P (SRP). A total of 800 broiler chicks (4 treatments × 4 replicates × 50 birds) were housed into 16 floor pens in a single house for 5 weeks. The treatments were divided into 4 groups: control, 100 g of liquid AlCl3/kg of rice hulls, 200 g of liquid AlCl3/kg of rice hulls, and 300 g of liquid AlCl3/kg of rice hulls. Liquid AlCl3 was sprayed on the rice hulls surface at a rate of 100 g, 200 g, and 300 g liquid AlCl3 per kg rice hull. pH values and SRP contents were significantly decreased (P<0.05) with the increased liquid AlCl3 levels in comparison with control. However, no significant differences in SRP contents were observed among all treatments at 3 and 4 weeks. Applying 100 g, 200 g, and 300 g liquid AlCl3 to rice hulls reduced SRP contents by 18, 25, and 52% for 5 weeks, respectively, compared with the controls. In conclusion, these results suggest that using liquid AlCl3 on rice hulls should be promising for reducing water contamination and resulted in a reduction in SRP contents, which reduced pH.

The objective of this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of poultry litter amendments on pH and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in poultry litter. Two laboratory studies were conducted for 42 d in Exp. 1 and for 10 d in Exp. 2, respectively. The poultry litter was treated with various amendments which included 4 g fly ash and 4 g AlCl3 (AlCl₃.6H₂O)/100 g litter in Exp. 1 and 4 g alum(Al₂(SO₄)₃.14H₂O), 8 g alum, 8.66 g liquid alum, and 17.3 g liquid alum/100 g litter in Exp. 2; untreated litter served as controls. There were no differences in pH between control and T1(4 g fly ash) and SRP contents between T1(4 g fly ash) and T2(4 g AlCl₃) in Exp. 1. A significant difference in pH and SRP contents in Exp. 2 was observed among all treatments(P< 0.05). In experiment 1, T1(4 g fly ash) and T2(4 g AlCl₃) at 42 d decreased SRP in litter by 47.1% and 62.6% of that from litter alone, repectively. In experiment 2, T1(4 g alum), T2(8.66 g liquid alum), T3(8 g alum), and T4(17.3 g liquid alum) treatments at 10 days reduced SRP contents by up to 36.2%, 62.9%, 87.0%, and 83.9%, respectively, when compared with the controls. Decrease in SRP contents was chiefly associated with reduction in litter pH. These results indicate that use of various litter amendments to limit P solubility has potential and should be pursued as a means of reducing soluble reative phosphorus during short term.

The objectives of this study were conducted to determine the effects of two chemical amendments on volatile fatty acids (VFA) and nitrogen contents in poultry litter after broiler chicks were raised in poultry houses for 6 weeks. Two different additives were applied as a top dressing to the litter at a rate of AlCl₃∙6₂2O (200 g)+CaCO₃ (50 g) or Alum (200 g)+CaCO₃ (50 g)/kg of rice bran; untreated litter served as controls. Application of AlCl₃+CaCO₃ and Alum+CaCO₃ reduced total VFA contents by 67% and 51% at 6 weeks, respectively, compard to the control groups. The decrease in litter pH with two chemical treatments results in decreased proportion of VFA and increased nitrogen contents of the litter. These results indicate that treating AlCl₃+CaCO₃ and Alum+CaCO₃ to poultry litter offers the potential for reducing an environmental impact.