본 연구는 돈사 내 저장된 돼지분뇨 슬러리에 액상 일라이트와 일라이트 분말을 첨가하여 악취에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 공시 돼지는 3원교잡종(Yorkshire×Land race×Duroc) 4개월령 암컷 비육돈 (65~68 kg) 360두를 이용하였다. 시험구 배치는 무처리한 대조구와 돼지분뇨 슬러리에 일라이트 액상 33%와 분말 5%를 첨가한 처리구로 3반복(40두) 120두에 적용하여 완전 임의배치법의 3주간 사양 시험 하였다. 악취 저감제 처리는 슬러리 피트(slurry pit ; 3.75 m×9 m×1.2 m, 20 ton 저장 규모)아래에 저장된 슬러리양을 계산하여 일정한 비율에 맞추고, 매주 액상 일라이트는 분무하거나 또는 일라이트 분말은 뿌려주었다. 악취 측정은 슬러리 피트 위 10 cm 위치에서 암모니아, 황화수소, 메틸 메르캅탄 및 디메틸 설파이드를 측정하였다. 사양기간 동안 암모니아 발생량은 일라이트 처리 형태에 의해 크게 영향을 주었다(p<0.05). 특히 암모니아 발생량은 액상 일라이트 33% 처리구는 30~46%, 일라이트 분말 5% 처리구에서는 30~54% 감소되었다. 황화수소 발생량은 2018년 12월 24일에 측정된 결과를 제외 하고 사양기간 동안 일라이트 처리 형태에 따라 유의적으로 영향을 주었다(p<0.05). 처리구의 황화수 소 발생 감소량은 대조구와 비교할 때, 액상 일라이트 33% 처리구에서는 16~60%, 일라이트 분말 5% 처리구는 7~59%였다. 측정기간 동안 평균 메틸 메르캅탄과 디메틸 설파이드 농도는 모든 시험구에서 발생되지 않았다. 3주간 사양 시험에서 평균 암모니아 농도의 경우, 액상 일라이트 33% 처리구는 38.6%, 일라이트 분말 5% 처리구는 39.7% 감소되었다(p<0.05). 평균 황화수소 농도는 액상 일라이트 33% 처리구와 일라이트 분말 5% 처리구는 비슷한 수준인 42.5% 감소되는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 결론적으로 본 사양시험의 결과 액상 또는 분말 일라이트 처리는 돈사 내 발생되는 암모니아와 황화수소에 대한 유의미한 저감효과를 나타내었다.

본 연구는 산국 생균제가 비육후기 거세한우의 성장율과 육질에 미치는 효과를 조사하기 실시하였다. 거세한우 15두(565±17kg)를 시험구별 개시체중이 유사하도록 산국 생균제 무첨가구(CON), 농후사료의 0.2% 첨가구(LCB) 및 0.4% 첨가구(HCB)에 각 5두씩을 배치하고 150일간 사양시험을 실시하였다. 농후사료와 조사료를 8:2의 비율로 설정하고 생체중의 약 2.5%를 오전(8시)과 오후(5시)로 나누어 급여하였다. 미네랄 블록과 음수는 자유로이 섭취할 수 있도록 하였다. 사양시험 종료 후에는 모든 공시동물은 도축하여 도체특성을 조사하고 등심육을 채취하여 육질분석에 이용하였다. 개시체중과 종료체중은 처리구간 차이가 없었으나, 일당증체량, 사료섭취량 및 사료효율은 산국 생균제를 급여한 모든 시험구에서 대조구에 비해 개선되었다(p<0.05). 분 중 황화수소와 암모니아 가스는 시험구간 차이가 없었다. 신선육 관능평가에서 등심육의 육색은 산국 생균제를 급여한 시험구가 개선되었으나(p<0.05), 등심육의 물리화학적 특성과 기타 신선육 관능평가는 시험구간 차이가 없었다. 등심육의 지방산 조성은 산국 생균제를 급여한 시험구에서 C14:0과 C18:0 함량이 증가하였으며(p<0.05), HCB 시험구에서 C18:2n-6와 polyunsaturated fatty acid 함량은 HCB 시험구에서 가장 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 따라서 비육후기 거세한우에 산국 생균제를 0.4% 수준으로 급여하는 것은 사료효율 개선, 육색 및 등심육 지방산 품질개선에 유리할 것으로 사료된다.

The effects of essential oils on pH, pathogens, and volatile fatty acids (VFA) in two poultry litters were investigated through a lab study. Essential oil-added poultry litters were randomly divided to two groups: control (200 g poultry litter) and Treatment (50 g thymol/Briefly, 200 g broiler litter was treated with or without 50 g thymol (Control and T1, respectively; 1 groups) and 200 g duck litter was treated with or without 50 g carvacrol (Control and T2, respectively; 2 group). Adding thymol to broiler litter increased the pH, reduced pathogens, and did not affect VFA. Interestingly, adding carvacrol slightly reduced the pH of duck litter, but had no significant effect on reducing pathogens and VFA. This difference is probably because the essential oil used and the properties of the two litters are different. In addition, pH was thought to control the odor generated from the litter, but this has not been proven. Further field studies should focus on clarifying this point.

The present study aimed to examine the effect of dietary Ptecticu tenebrifer powder mixtures as pet dogfeed ingredients on crude fat and ash digestibility. Three groups of feeds Feed A, Feed B, and Feed C supplied from three farms were fed to a total of 45 dogs. The dietary Ptecticu tenebrifer powder mixture were prepared by mixing 25 g of Ptecticu tenebrifer powder with 100 g of canned food. Feed A, Feed B, and Feed C containing dietary Ptecticu tenebrifer powder mixtures were fed to 15 dogs of each breed of bichon, poodle, and chihuahua that were divided into three groups following a completely randomized design. For measuring the crude fat and crude ash digestibility, manure of each dog breed from each group were collected. Crude fat digestibility was not statistically significant among the dog breeds fed with feed C (p>0.05), but overall there was a statistical difference between the feed and the group by dog breed (p<0.05). In terms of crude ash digestibility, the three types of feed showed differences with respect to dog breeds (p<0.05). However, the group with no significant difference was observed in Feed B by dog breed (p>0.05). In conclusion, feeding Ptecticu tenebrifer powder mixture to dog breeds had no positive effect on the crude fat and ash digestibility and can be used as pet dogfeed ingredients.

This study was conducted to evaluate the structure and composition (i.e., pH, moisture, total-N, pathogens, and volatile fatty acids) of broiler and duck manure treated with larvae of three insect larvae, namely, Tenebrio molitor, Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis, and Ptecticus tenebrifer. Hatched Tenebrio molitor (n=300), Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (n=60), and Ptecticus tenebrifer (n=300) were used in this study; specially, the larvae were divided into six treatments with three replicates. The treatments were as follows: T1: 110 g broiler manure + Tenebrio molitor larvae (n=50), T2: 110 g duck manure + Tenebrio molitor larvae (n=50), T3: 125 g broiler manure + Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis larvae (n=10), T4: 125 g duck manure + Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis larvae (n=10), T5: 105 g broiler manure + Ptecticus tenebrifer larvae (n=50), and T6: 105 g duck manure + Ptecticus tenebrifer larvae (n=50). For all the larval treatments, the following results were observed: The moisture content of the duck manure treat with three insect larvae was higher than that of the broiler manure (p<0.05), whereas broiler manure had a higher pH (p<0.05). In addition, the total nitrogen content of broiler manure was higher than that of duck manure (p<0.05). However, the insect larvae did not significantly affect pathogens (E.coli and Salmonella) and the volatile fatty acids (p>0.05). In conclusion, the use of the three insect larvae to create organic nitrogen compost using poultry manure is feasible.

This study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of larval stages of three species, namely, Tenebrio molitor, Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis, and Ptecticus tenebrifer larvae, in degrading poultry manure, specially, broiler and duck manure. The survival rates of larvae were also noted. For the experiment, T. molitor (n=300), P. brevitarsis seulensis (n=60), and P. tenebrifer (n=300) hatched larvae were randomly divided into six groups with three replicates. The degaradation efficacy tests were then performed for 30 days in a laboratory. The test groups were as follows: T1, 110 g broiler manure + T. molitor larvae (n=50); T2, 110 g duck manure + T. molitor larvae (n=50); T3, 125 g broiler manure + P. brevitarsis seulensis larvae (n=10); T4, 125 g duck manure + P. brevitarsis seulensis larvae (n=10); T5, 105 g broiler manure + P. tenebrifer larvae (n=50); and T6, 105 g duck manure + P. tenebrifer larvae (n=50). The groups showed significant efficacy in degrading broiler and duck manure (p<0.05). The highest survival rates were recorded for T. molitor larvae in both manure types [T1 (92.67%) and T2 (50%)], followed by P. brevitarsis seulensis larvae (T4, 40%) and P. tenebrifer larvae (T6, 14.67%) in duck manure. Next, the survival rates of P. brevitarsis seulensis (T3) and Ptecticus tenebrifer larvae (T5) in broiler manure were 0%. In conclusion, these results point to the feasibility of using insect larvae to degrade broiler and duck manure.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary Ptecticus tenebrifer on the fecal microbiomes of bichon frise. A total of 16 bichon frise dogs (average weight, 2 kg) were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments (4 dogs/group): general pet food, two types of domestic pet food containing Ptecticus tenebrifer, and one imported pet food containing Ptecticus tenebrifer. In the controls, Firmicutes accounted for the highest proportion (82%) at the phylum level in the fecal microbiomes. The Tax4Fun2's functional prediction program indicated that the control groups showed a relatively high amount of obesity-related microorganisms; the pathways included three types of carbohydrate metabolism. Among the treatments, Firmicutes abundances was the least in the treatments with the two types of domestic pet food containing Ptecticus tenebrifer; this did not affect the functional prediction of Tax4Fun2. In conclusion, the two types of domestic feed with Ptecticus tenebrifer were healthy and suitable for bichon frise; they could be beneficial in terms of obesity.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with Ptecticus tenebrifer powder on the mortality and meat quality of Korean native chickens. A total of 40,000 Korean native chickens (1 day old, Hanhyup No. 3) were allocated to two dietary treatments (20,000 chickens in each treatment), which were fed the following: basal diet (control) and 1% of Ptecticus tenebrifer powder (T1). Feeding trials were conducted for 12 weeks, and mortality was measured weekly. At the end of the experimental period, 16 chickens (8 chickens in each treatment) were selected and slaughtered to obtain breast meat. The items used to analyze meat quality were pH, TBARS, and meat color. The weekly mortality rate was decreased by around 2 to 3 times in the T1 treatment group compared with the control group. The pH, TBARS, L*, and b* values of Korean native chicken breast were not affected by Ptecticus tenebrifer powder supplementation (p>0.05); however, a* values showed statistical significance (p<0.05). In conclusion, the addition of 1% Ptecticus tenebrifer powder reduced mortality rate and demonstrated its potential in livestock environmental management.

This study investigated the effects of dietary Ptecticu tenebrifer powder and canned mixtures on protein digestibility by different breeds of companion dogs (15 Bichons, 15 Malteses, 15 Chihuahuas and 15 Poodles). The mixtures were divided into Diet A, Diet B, Diet C, Diet D, and Diet E, which were supplied from five farms. Twenty-five grams each was mixed with 100 g of each canned food, and a total of 125 g was measured for each breed of dog. The result of component analysis of the mixtures showed the highest protein contents rather than dry matter, crude ash or crude fat. There were statistical significances (p<0.05) in all mixed feeds fed to bichon, maltese, chihuahua and poodle dog. Overall, protein digestibility by the breeds of dog ranged from 87.44% to 97.18%. Result of breed of dog comparison revealed that Diet E by poodle dog had the highest protein digestibility, and the lowest protein digestibility was observed in Diet C by Maltese. In conclusion, the use of dietary Ptecticu tenebrifer powder and canned mixtures did not only increased protein digestibility by different breeds of dog but also maintained normal manure properties.

This study investigated the effect of adding poultry litter additive containing probiotics and amino acids to the litter on weight gain in ducks and ammonia content in poultry litter. Nine hundred 1-day-old ducks (Pekin) were randomly distributed into three groups (300 birds per treatment divided into three replicates) using a randomized block design. Treatments were top-dressed on the litter surface at rates of 2 kg poultry litter additives (T1) and 2 kg macsumsuk (T2) per m2, and untreated poultry litter was used as the control. Overall, a significant difference (p<0.05) in weight gains was observed at 3 and 4 weeks, but not at 5 and 6 weeks. After 4 weeks, when compared to other treatments, the addition of poultry litter additive tended to increase the average body weight gain (90-130 g). The ammonia content was affected by all treatments (p<0.05) over time except at 3 weeks, however, compared to other treatments, the poultry litter additive decreased the ammonia content. In particular, the rate of ammonia reduction by the poultry litter additives over time was approximately 20.2%-49.2%. Regarding temperature, a significant difference was observed in all treatment groups (p<0.05), except at 3 weeks. In conclusion, considering poultry litter additives and temperature, the increase in duck weight gain was associated with a decrease in ammonia content in the poultry litter.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of manure additives mixed with probiotics and zeolite on harmful gas production generated by pig slurry. A total of 180 crossbred pigs ([Yorkshire x Land race] x Duroc, live weight 70±3.21 kg) were allotted to a completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 3 replications (20 heads per replicate). The treatments consisted of 0% (control), 0.05% (T1), or 1% (T2) of manure additives mixed with probiotics and zeolite. Manure additives were added weekly to pig slurry pits (2 m × 4.5 m × 1.2 m) on a volumetric basis. For ammonia measured at both 10 cm and 90 cm above the pig slurry pit, a statistical significance (p<0.05) was found in probiotics and zeolite-treated manure additives at weeks 1 – 3, except for week 0. In addition, hydrogen sulfide levels measured at 10 cm above the pig slurry pit were not affected by the manure additive at weeks 0 and 1, but showed a significant statistical difference at weeks 2 and 3 (p<0.05). Therefore, supplementing pig slurry with 0.05% and 0.1% manure additives mixed with probiotics and zeolite was found to be effective in reducing environmental pollution in pig facilities.

This study was conducted to investigate the distribution of duck production in duck housing as a function of the breeding period. The items in duck production distribution included body weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and average duck production. All data were based on eight cycles (June and December, 2017; February, June, August, September, and November, 2018; February, 2019) at Farm Site 1 through 7. The most optimal results in the duck production distribution were observed at Site 1 for weight gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency. This could be explained by the fact that Site 1 was well managed in environmental improvement and sustainability. Based on these data, selective alternatives to improve duck production in duck farms are recommended as follows: first, proper management and recording of litter used as a flooring material are required, and second, continuous management such as temperature, relative humidity and ventilation is needed. Lastly, it is necessary to change duck facilities by introducing environmental management techniques. Furthermore, efforts to improve the overall facilities and management of duck breeding farms through additional field studies are needed in the future.

This study aimed to provide information and data for the management of insect breeding farms by identifying the appropriate density when rearing Protaetia brevitarsis larvae. The breeding box of the insects was filled with 2 L of fermented sawdust on a 50 × 35 × 15 cm sheet of plastic, and the density of the treatments was 200, 300 and 400 P. brevitarsis in the first, second, and third larval stages. Each treatment was repeated five times, and the sawdust medium was replaced three times (10 intervals). The experiments were conducted for a total of 30 days from March 1, 2020. Overall, 200 P.brevitarsis in the first, second, and third larval stages reared in the breeding box had a higher average survival rate and lower average mortality rate, thereby contributing to efficient production. In conclusion, this result suggests a way to increase production efficiency through the environmental management of insect breeding farms.

This study was conducted to determine and to standardize the time of emergence of Protaetia brevitarsis adults, through four breeding experiments, including one which selected the dominant individuals of Protaetia brevitarsis. The breeding experiments were divided into two groups with hibernating and non-hibernating Protaetia brevitarsis by placing 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 Protaetia brevitarsis in each breeding box (50 cm × 35 cm × 15 cm) filled with 12 L of fermented sawdust. Breeding tests were with four replicates each for 3 months. The test period was classified into four stages: Exp. 1 (Sep 1, 2019 to Nov 30, 2019), Exp. 2 (Dec 1, 2019 to Feb 29, 2020), Exp. 3 (Mar 1, 2019 to May 31, 2020) and Exp. 4 (Jun 1, 2020 to Aug 31, 2020). The survey items included average dead number, average emergence number, average mortality, and average emergence rate. In Exp. 1 and 2, the changes in Protaetia brevitarsis adults were similar. In Tables 1 and 2, the allegorical changes of adult white-spotted flowers were similar. In addition, the average dead number, average emergence number, average mortality, and average emergence rate showed better results in the hibernation state than in both Exp. 1 and 2. Exp. 3 and 4 showed a pattern of change different from the results of Exp. 1 and 2 and these characteristics were superior in the hibernation states compared to the non-hibernation states. In conclusion, this result was found to be most appropriate as a standardization of the emergence time of 200 Protaetia brevitarsis treatments through four breeding experiments in the hibernating state.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the egg freshness and eggshell characteristics of old laying hens by adding sea urchin shell powder to the feed of such hens to achieve the objectives continuously pursued by environmental management, such as business profitability and waste resource utilization. A total of 90 Hy-Line Brown layers (66 weeks of age) were randomly divided into 2 treatments with 3 replicates, each of which consisted of 15 older layers, for 4 weeks. These treatments included a control (i.e., 0%) and 2% sea urchin shell powder. The 2% supplementation of sea urchin shell powder increased the Haugh unit (HU) at 2 and 4 weeks and eggshell strength at 4 wks compared to the controls (p<0.05). The HU at 0 weeks, eggshell thickness from 0 through 3 weeks, and eggshell strength at 0 and 2 weeks were not different between treatments (p>0.05). These results suggest that the addition of 2% sea urchin powder to the feed of laying hens improves egg freshness and eggshell strength in old laying hens.

This study evaluated the effect of four different feeds on the larval weight and survival rate of Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (PBS) over five weeks. Four different types of feed (self-fermentation medium, RM medium, Samsung livestock medium, and bean-curd dregs medium) were given to third-instar larvae of PBS. Weight changes and survival rates of PBS larvae were measured weekly for five weeks. During the experimental period PBS larvae showed the highest growth in Samsung livestock medium, followed by bean-curd dregs medium, RM medium, and self-fermentation medium. Survival rate of PBS larvae were the lowest in bean-curd dregs medium, and then in the Samsung livestock medium. Using the Samsung livestock medium can shorten the delivery period of PBS larvae by approximately 40 days based on the larva shipped on average 75 days. Therefore, this study provides information and data on insect farming techniques useful for insect industrialization.

This study investigated the oviposition characteristics of Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis after emergence as adults from the larva collected from three regions in Gangwon-do, Chungcheongnam-do, and Jeju-do. The laying egg method was identified with zone breeding, and the average and cumulative number of eggs laid were measured once a week for seven weeks. The average number of eggs laid peaked until 4 weeks, and subsequently decreased. The source areas with respect to average number and cumulative number of eggs laid were in the order of Jeju > Chungnam > Gangwon. In conclusion, this result suggests a method for continuously improving management and economic feasibility of insect farming by securing genetic diversity, and raising the most productive breeds to select individuals form regions associated with high numbers of laid eggs.

The present study was investigated the oviposition characteristics of Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis with a focus on winter larvae to improve the utilization of insect resources. The average oviposition tendency and average cumulative number of eggs laid during a 7-week period were measured in adults emerging from larvae that had hibernated for 4 months in five farmhouses. The study covered five zones: Gimje, Jangsu, Wanju, Iksan and Yeoju. The average oviposition tendency over a 7-week period showed increased egg laying between 2 to 3 weeks and 5 to 6 weeks. Overall, it was found that the average cumulative number of eggs laid during the 7-week period was initially low and increased proportionally with time. Our results suggest that using adults that have emerged from hibernated larvae is effective in increasing the oviposition rate and utilization of the insect.

We investigated the oviposition characteristics of Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis, focusing on zone breeding throughout the year in terms of the development and utilization of insect resources. To select Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis individuals laying a large number of eggs, the number of eggs laid for each individual was measured for each individual after emergence as adults from larvae grown at room temperature in five farmhouses. The five study zone included Gongju (Tancheon), Gyeonggi (Himsen), Chungnam (Gyeryong), Taean (Wonbuk), and Siheung (Baekse). The average oviposition tendency during a 12-week period obtained from the five regions was somewhat different; however, there was no remarkable difference in overall tendency. The maximum oviposition in Protaetia brevitarsisseulensis in the five regions occurred between 6 and 7 weeks. Compared toother regions, the average cumulative number of eggs laid during the 12-week period was higher (40%–60%) in Gongju (Tancheon) and Gyeonggi (Himsen). These results indicate that in two regions, zone breeding is selected as a system for increasing the demand for insects.