곤충병원성 선충인 Heterorhabditis. megidis(큰형광병원선충)는 참나무 군락지(광주광역시 소재) 사양토에 서 분리 동정되었고, 곤충병원성을 가지는 공생세균은 Photorhabdus temperata로 분리 동정되어 각각 GJ1-2로 명명하였다. H. megidis GJ1-2는 고구마(주황미) 큰 검정풍뎅이 Holotrichia parallela에 대한 방제 효과는 평택시 (경기도 소재)와 논산시(충청북도 소재)의 노지 재배 사양토에서 관주처리 30일 후 각가 81.1%, 78.9%로 나타났 으며, 인삼(재래종) 거세미나방 Agrotis segetum에 대한 방제 효과는 이천시(경기도 소재)와 청주시(충청북도 소재)의 비가림 재배(차광막 설치) 사양토에서 관주처리 14일 후 방제가는 각각 79.9%, 80,2%로 나타났다. H. megidis GJ1-2는 고구마(주황미)와 인삼(재래종)에서 약제 처리 후 3, 7, 14일 후 외관상 약해는 나타나지 않았다.

곤충병원성 선충인 Heterorhabditis. megidis(큰형광병원선충)는 참나무 군락지(광주광역시 소재) 사양토에 서 분리 동정되었고, 곤충병원성을 가지는 공생세균은 Photorhabdus temperata로 분리 동정되어 각각 GJ1-2로 명명하였다. H. megidis GJ1-2는 고추(녹광), 애호박(농우), 오이(백다다기), 참외(금싸라기), 토마토(베타티니) 유묘기 경엽처리와 배추(씨알천하일품), 상추(진청맛), 완두(청진주), 수박(삼복꿀), 무(서호) 유묘기 관주처리 에서 21일차까지 기준량과 배량에 대하여 약해(약해 판정기준결과: 0)가 나타나지 않았다, H. megidis GJ1-2는 배추 파밤나방에 대한 방제 효과는 이천시(경기도 소재)와 수원시(경기도 소재)의 시설재배 포장에서 각각 경엽 처리 3일차 71.8%. 73.9%, 7일차 86.2%, 84.6%로 나타났으며, 옥수수 열대거세미나방에 대한 방제 효과는 제주시 (제주특별자치도 소재)의 노지(미사질 양토)에서 경엽처리 7일차 82.6%로 나타났다. 그리고 H. megidis GJ1-2는 랫드를 이용한 급성경구와 급성경피 독성시험 반수치사농도(LD50) 값은 2,000 mg/kg B.W 초과로 IV급(저독성) 으로 구분되었고, 토끼를 이용한 피부와 안점막에 자극성이 없는 것으로 구분되었다. 그리고 담수어류(송사리) 에 대한 급성독성시험 반수치사농도(LD50) 값은 영향을 미치지 않는 기초시험농도 100 mg/L를 초과하였다.

Nowadays, variable materials have been investigated to find alternative lightweight conductors instead of copper because copper has a relatively high density. Carbon nanotube (CNT) is one of the most suitable materials as an alternative conductor to Cu, thanks to its high conductivity. In addition, CNT has many other great properties, such as low density, high strength, and high ampacity. However, individual CNT loses some of its performance after the assembly process. Therefore, CNT materials have been electroplated with copper to achieve lighter conductors. In this study, CNT buckypaper (CNTBP) is fabricated using a multi-walled carbon nanotube and copper electroplated using optimizing electrolyte with the help of additive chemicals such as accelerator and suppressor. Furthermore, the effect of hydrochloric acid in the electrolyte on the electroplating of CNTBP is observed. The results show that HCl in electrolyte enhances the effectiveness of additive chemicals and provide a well-plated CNTBP@Cu composite. The composite in this study is expected to be used in various areas.

The mobility of radionuclides is largely determined by their radiological properties, geochemical conditions, and adsorption reactions, such as surface adsorption, chemical precipitation, and ion exchange. To evaluate the safety assessments of radionuclides in nuclear sites, it is essential to understand the behavior and mechanism of radionuclides onto soils. Since nuclear power plants are located in coastal areas, the chemical composition of groundwater can vary depending on the intrusion of seawater, altering the adsorption distribution coefficient (Kd) values of radionuclides. This study examines the impact of seawater on the Kd values of clay minerals for cesium (Cs) and strontium (Sr). The results of Cs+ adsorption experiments showed a broad range of Kd values from 36 to 1,820 mL/g at an initial concentration of 1 mg/L and a high sorption coefficient of 15-613 mL/g at an initial concentration of 10 mg/L. Montmorillonite, hydrobiotite, illite, and kaolinite were ranked in terms of their CEC values for Cs+ adsorption, with hydrobiotite having the highest adsorption at 1 mg/L. The results of Sr adsorption experiments showed a wide range of Kd values from 82 to 1,209 mL/g at an initial concentration of 1 mg/L and a lower adsorption coefficient of 6.68-344 mL/g at an initial concentration of 10 mg/L. Both Cs+ and Sr2+ demonstrated lower Kd values at higher initial concentrations. CEC of clays found to have a significant impact on Sr2+ Kd values. Ca2+ ions showed a significant impact on Sr2+ adsorption distribution coefficients, demonstrating the greater impact of seawater on Sr2+ compared to Cs+. These findings can inform future safety assessments of radionuclides in nuclear sites.

Livestock production costs are heavily influenced by the cost of feed, The use of domestically grown forages is more desirable for livestock feed production. As part of this study, triticale, which is an extremely palatable and easily cultivable crop in Korea, was used to produce low moisture silage bales with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and then stored for different periods. We examined the nutrient content of silage, such as crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), as well as their organic acids, including lactic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid, at different storage periods. The nutrient content of silages, such as crude protein, ADF, and NDF, did not change significantly throughout storage periods. Organic acid data indicated that lactic acid concentrations increased with increasing moisture contents and storage periods up to nine months. However, further extending storage to 12 months resulted in a reduction in the lactic acid content of all silages as well as an increase in their pH. Based on the present results, it suggested that the production of low moisture silage with the LAB may be able to preserve and maintain its quality without altering its nutritional composition. Also, the lactate content of the silage remained significant for at least nine months.

This study aimed to examine the effect of a mild elevation in serum cholesterol level in a porcine coronary overstretch restenosis model using a balloon angioplasty catheter or drug-eluting coronary stent. Pigs were divided into two groups and were fed a commercial normal diet (CND, n = 4) or a high-fat diet (HFD, n = 4) for 5 weeks. Coronary overstretch injury by balloon angioplasty or stent implantation was induced in the left anterior descending and left circumflex artery after 1 week of feeding. Histopathological analysis was performed at 4 weeks after coronary injury. During the experiment, the total cholesterol level in the HFD group increased by approximately 44.9% (from 65.9 ± 3.21 mg/dL at baseline to 95.5 ± 9.94 mg/dL at 5 weeks). The lumen area in the CND group was reduced in comparison with that in the HFD group after balloon angioplasty. After stent implantation, the injury score showed no significant difference. There were significant differences in the neointimal area (2.7 ± 0.33 mm2 in the CND group vs. 3.3 ± 0.34 mm2 in the HFD group, p<0.05), lumen area (2.6 ± 0.54 mm2 in the CND group vs. 2.0 ± 0.33 mm2 in the HFD group, p<0.05), and percent area stenosis (52.0 ± 7.96% in the CND group vs. 62.4 ± 5.15% in the HFD group, p<0.05). Body weight change was not different between the two groups. Increased serum cholesterol level activated vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation in the porcine coronary overstretch model.

This study provides an economical and effective method to improve the interlaminar properties of carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) using aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) microparticles. ATH microparticles are cheap and are expected to show good affinity to epoxies in the matrix and sizing agents of the carbon fibers owing to the presence of three hydroxyl groups. In addition, ATH particles are reported to improve the mechanical properties of polymers when used as the reinforcement. In this study, ATH microparticles of various sizes, 1.5, 10, and 20 μm, were used to improve the interlaminar properties of the CFRPs. ATH particles with a size of 1.5 μm improved the tensile properties of the ATH/epoxy resin and did not significantly alter the curing behavior. The interfacial adhesion between the carbon fiber and the epoxy resin was also improved, and the impregnation of the resin mixture remained similar to that of the neat resin, resulting in no significant void and defect formation. Considering the above results, the resulting 1.5 μm ATH-reinforced CFRP showed improved interlaminar properties compared to CFRP without ATH. However, 10 and 20 μm ATH-reinforced CFRPs showed deteriorated interlaminar properties due to the diminished tensile properties of the resin itself and resin impregnation, which resulted in more voids and defects, despite the interfacial adhesion between the fiber and the matrix resin.

We assessed the susceptibility of three fumigants on Phthorimaea operculella, which is an important pest of stored potato worldwide. 5 to 6 initial dosage of each fumigants were treated on every growth stages of P. operculella. Methyl bromide showed 100% mortality at CT 33.40mg h/ L on egg, CT 14.41mg h/L on late larvae, CT 31.89mg h/L on pupae and CT 16.01mg h/L on adult, respectively. The LCT50 of methyl bromide was 19.115mg h/L on egg, 3.934mg h/L on late larvae, 13.810mg h/L on pupae and 6.260mg h/L on adult, respectively. In case of phosphine, 98% mortality was achieved at CT 16.77mg h/L on egg, and 100% mortality was achieved at CT 16.58mg h/L on late larvae, CT 18.54mg h/L on pupae and CT 12.28mg h/L on adult, respectively. The LCT50 of phosphine was 1.457mg h/L on egg, 2.236mg h/L on late larvae, 1.282 mg h/L on pupae and 0.253mg h/L on adult, respectively. In case of ethyl formate, 100% mortality was achieved at CT 96.21mg h/L on egg, CT 101.30mg h/L on late larvae, CT 120.66mg h/L on pupae and CT 148.30mg h/L on adult, respectively. The LCT50 of ethyl formate was 23.730mg h/L on egg, 13.706 mg h/L on late larvae, 29.578mg h/L on pupae and 19.235mg h/L on adult, respectively.

Carbonyl sulfide(COS) is a naturally generated gas from fermentation process of microbes and from plant root and stem. COS was firstly registered as a fumigant at 1993 to control stored product pests. To supplement environmental problems and toxicity of commercial fumigants and develop new fumigant, we have processed the susceptibility assessment of carbonyl sulfide on important agricultural pests, Myzus persicae and Tetranychus urticae. Every growth stages of two insect species were tested, and five dosages of carbonyl sulfide were treated for 4 hours, and the mortality was investigated after 24 hours of treatment. Nymphal stage of M. persicae was completely controlled at more than 20 mg/L dosage, and adult stage showed 95.8% mortality at 80 mg/L dosage. The LC50 of M. persicae was 7.314mg/L for nymph and 26.117mg/L for adult stage. Egg stage of T. urticae showed 91.2% mortality when treated with 100mg/L carbonyl sulfide, and nymph and adult stage showed 100% and 94.1% mortality at 8mg/L and 80mg/L, respectively. The LC50 of T. urticae was 73.110mg/L for egg, 2.818mg/L for nymph and 12.054mg/L for adult stage.

All aspects of hosts’ life are affected not only by symbiotic bacterial community but also endosymbionts, such as physiological function, mating preference and fitness. Wolbachia, one of the most common endosymbionts, known as a manipulator of host sex ratio, may also have a huge effects on other symbionts. Here, we assessed the effects of Wolbachia on the diversity and structure of other symbiotic microbial communities in six ant species by using next-generation sequencing. Our results show that the diversity of the symbiotic microbial communities between Wolbachia-positive species and negative species is not different. However, according to the Wolbachia infection, dominant symbiotic microbes of each host species were different as well as the composition of the overall symbiotic microbial community. Thus, this study suggests that, as Wolbachia have an important role in shaping microbiome of hosts, endosymbiont infection status deserves special consideration in studying microbiome.

The objective of this study was to investigate the dynamic neural mobilization program on the changes in muscle activity and nerve conduction velocity (NVC) in stroke patients. The participants were sampled and randomly divided into experimental group I (n=12) who underwent arm neural mobilization and experimental group II (n=13) who underwent arm dynamic neural mobilization. As the pretest, peripheral NVC of the radial, median, and ulnar nerves were measured using the Viking Quest; the biceps brachii, brachioradialis, flexor carpi radialis, and extensor carpi radialis activities were measured with sEMG. Each intervention program consisted of 10 trials per set and three sets per session. The intervention programs were performed once daily for four weeks (four days/week). Posttest measurements were taken equally as the pretest measurements. Significant differences in peripheral NVC in all sections of the radial and median nerves and wristbelow elbow and below elbow-above elbow areas of the ulnar nerve, as well as in muscle activity of all muscles except the biceps brachii. These findings indicate that dynamic neural mobilization was effective in increasing peripheral NVC and altering the muscle activity.

방울토마토의 수경재배 중 붕소+칼슘+규소 및 칼슘+규소의 복합 엽면시비가 수확 후 품질과 MAP 저장 중 저장성에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 본 연구를 실시하였다. 엽면시비한 방울 토마토(‘Unicorn’)는 반숙 과상태에서 수확하여 산소투과성 필름으로 포장한 5oC, 11oC, 그리고 24oC에서 25일, 15일, 10일간 저장하였다. 붕소+칼슘+규소 복합처리한 방울토마토가 3가지 저장온도 모두에서 호흡과 에틸렌 발생이 억제되어 MAP 저장중 가장 낮은 생체중 감소와 가장 높은 외관상 품질을 보였다. 수확 후 조사한 방울토마토의 경도, 산도, 비타민 C 함량은 붕소+칼슘+규소 복합처리에서 가장 높았으며, 3가지 온도 모두에서 MAP 저장 후에도 모두 높게 유지되었다. 그러나 과피색, 라이코펜 함량과 당도는 수확 후에는 엽면시비 처리로 차이가 없었으나, 3가지 온도 모두 붕소+칼슘+규소 복합처리에서 가장 낮은 수치를 보였다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 붕소+칼슘+규소 복합처리는 방울토마토의 수확후 생리 작용을 억제하고 경도, 산도, 비타민 C 함량을 높여 저장성을 향상시키는 것으로 판단되었다

By definition, endosymbionts reside in the hosts' cells and are maternally inheritted to offspring as the mitochondriondoes. Recent progresses reveal that some endosymbionts have evolved their manipulabilities of hosts' reproduction. Inthis nature, once an endosymbiont shares its host with others, their association may last long unless their evolutionaryinterest or hosts' fitness is undermined.We tested whether the association existed among the endosymbionts; Wolbachia, Spiroplasma, Cardinium and Rickettsia.The results show that there are some multiple infection cases but there is no obvious pattern in their association.