The Sun-Earth Lagrange point L4, which is called a parking space of space, is considered one of the unique places where solar activity and the heliospheric environment can be observed continuously and comprehensively. The L4 mission affords a clear and wide-angle view of the Sun-Earth line for the study of Sun-Earth connections from remote-sensing observations. The L4 mission will significantly contribute to advancing heliophysics science, improving space weather forecasting capability, extending space weather studies far beyond near-Earth space, and reducing risk from solar radiation hazards on human missions to the Moon and Mars. Our paper outlines the importance of L4 observations by using remote-sensing instruments and advocates comprehensive and coordinated observations of the heliosphere at multi-points including other planned L1 and L5 missions. We mainly discuss scientific perspectives on three topics in view of remote sensing observations: (1) solar magnetic field structure and evolution, (2) source regions of geoeffective solar energetic particles (SEPs), and (3) stereoscopic views of solar corona and coronal mass ejections (CMEs).

The radioactive waste generated within radiation-controlled areas is classified and processed according to relevant laws and regulations based on contamination levels. In cases where such radioactive waste complies with the legally defined clearance concentration or dose criteria, it is disposed of as non-radioactive waste by means of incineration, reclamation, recycling, etc. Within radiation controlled areas, various consumables are periodically replaced to ensure the proper operation of the area. It is necessary to have appropriate disposal methods for these consumables. In particular, waste items such as fire extinguishers, fluorescent lamps, batteries, and pressure vessels (hereinafter referred to as “Special Waste Type”), which may contain hazardous substances within their internal components and contents, should be considered for appropriate disposal methods that comply with nuclear safety and environmental laws. In the present case, the specified special waste type do not come into direct contact with radiation sources, and they have impermeable surfaces, which significantly reduces the risk of external contamination infiltrating the interior. However, the current method of clearance is not suitable for these items (Typically, nuclear energy-related business operators are required to classify clearance target waste based on internal and external components and demonstrate compliance with the criteria. Nevertheless, for special waste type, it is difficult to separate and measure internal and external components within the radiation-controlled area). In this case, the Clearance Procedure for special waste type applied to Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute was introduced. Additionally, we have extracted considerations for future domestic clearance of the type.

Understanding the distribution of heavy metals in sediment is necessary because labile heavy metals can partition into the water column and bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms. Here we investigated six heavy metals (Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in sediment cores using a five-step sequential leaching method to examine the occurrence of heavy metals in the sediment. The results showed that all elements, except Mn, are depleted in the exchangeable and carbonate fractions. However, heavy metal concentrations are much higher in the Fe-Mn oxide and organic matter fractions, especially for Cu, indicating enrichment in the organic matter fraction. Furthermore, contamination parameters (contamination factor and geoaccumulation index) indicate that Mn contamination is high, primarily derived from anthropogenic sources, presenting a potential risk to ecosystems in the Nakdong River.

요즘 기존 장르 간의 융합을 통해 새로운 장르의 게임 개발이 계속되고 있으며, 이처럼 새롭게 융합된 장르의 게임이 세계적으로 인기를 끌고 있다. 이러한 추세에 따라 보다 효과적인 장르 융합을 위하여 기존 장르들의 특징적인 콘텐츠를 분석하는 것은 의미 있는 일이라고 할 수있다. 본 논문에서는 디지털 게임의 한 장르인 생존 게임 장르에서, 게임의 주요 목표이자 핵심이 되는 생존 콘텐츠에 대한 분석을 위해 대표적인 생존 게임을 선정하여 공통점과 차별화된특징들을 알아보고자 한다. 분석 기법으로는 MDA 프레임워크를 이용하여 생존 게임의 콘텐츠를 중심으로 게임 메커닉과 게임 다이내믹 구성 요소에 관하여 살펴보았다