A novel beetle antimicrobial protein from stimulated Copris tripartitus and the corresponding gene were isolated in parallel through differential display-PCR and expression in Escherichia coli. To find cDNA clones responsible for bacteria resistance, the suppression subtractive hybridization and GeneFishing differentially expressed genes system were employed in the dung beetle, Copris tripartitus immunized with lipopolysaccaride. One cDNA clone from eight subtracted clones was selected through dot blot analysis and confirmed by northern blot analysis. The 516-bp, selected cDNA clone was determined by 5' and 3'rapid amplication of cDNA ends and cloned into the GST fusion expression vector pGEX-4T-1 for expression of the protein. The expressed protein was predicted 14.7 kDa and inhibited the growth of gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These results implied that the expressed protein is related to immune defense mechanism against microorganism.

Little millet (Panicum sumatrense) is well known for its salt and drought stress tolerance and high nutritional value, but very limited knowledge of genetic variation and genomic information is available. In this study, a total of 779 primer pairs were designed from the 22,961 EST sequences of switchgrass (Pancium virgatum), of which 48 EST-SSR markers were developed based on the trials of transferability of these primers in little millet. The EST-SSR amplicons showed reproducible single band polymorphism and produced a total of 160 alleles with an average of 3.3 alleles per locus in 37 accessions of little millet. The average values of expected and observed heterozygosities were 0.266 and 0.123, respectively. The polymorphic information content (PIC) values were observed in range of 0.026 to 0.549 with an average of 0.240. The genetic relatedness among the little millet accessions was evaluated by neighbor-joining dendrogram, which grouped all accessions into two distinct groups. The validation thus demonstrated the utility of the switchgrass EST-SSR markers in assessing genomic relationships in little millet. The findings from this study could be useful for designing strategies for the identification of diverse germplasm for conservation and future molecular breeding programs for little millet.

The Earth’s outer radiation belt often suffers from drastic changes in the electron fluxes. Since the electrons can be a potential threat to satellites, efforts have long been made to model and predict electron flux variations. In this paper, we describe a prediction model for the outer belt electrons that we have recently developed at Chungbuk National University. The model is based on a one-dimensional radial diffusion equation with observationally determined specifications of a few major ingredients in the following way. First, the boundary condition of the outer edge of the outer belt is specified by empirical functions that we determine using the THEMIS satellite observations of energetic electrons near the boundary. Second, the plasmapause locations are specified by empirical functions that we determine using the electron density data of THEMIS. Third, the model incorporates the local acceleration effect by chorus waves into the one-dimensional radial diffusion equation. We determine this chorus acceleration effect by first obtaining an empirical formula of chorus intensity as a function of drift shell parameter L*, incorporating it as a source term in the one-dimensional diffusion equation, and lastly calibrating the term to best agree with observations of a certain interval. We present a comparison of the model run results with and without the chorus acceleration effect, demonstrating that the chorus effect has been incorporated into the model to a reasonable degree.

Whistler mode chorus wave is considered to play a critical role in accelerating and precipitating the electrons in the outer radiation belt. In this paper we test a conventional scenario of triggering chorus using THEMIS satellite observations of waves and particles. Specifically, we test if the chorus onset is consistent with development of anisotropy in the electron phase space density (PSD). After analyzing electron PSD for 73 chorus events, we find that, for ~80 % of them, their onsets are indeed associated with development of the positive anisotropy in PSD where the pitch angle distribution of electron velocity peaks at 90 degrees. This PSD anisotropy is prominent mainly at the electron energy range of ≤ ~20 keV. Interestingly, we further find that there is sometimes a time delay among energies in the increases of the anisotropy: A development of the positive anisotropy occurs earlier by several minutes for lower energy than for an adjacent higher energy.

Environmentally inflicted stress (abiotic stress) such as high drought stress could be limiting the plant productivity. The mechanism of drought stress signaling in plant related with anti-apoptosis has not yet been full described. Understanding drought stress signaling is key to producing drought-tolerant plant. In this study we recently have identified Oryza sativa genes related abiotic stress water deficit. Abiotic stress related genes were screened from Oryza sativa cDNA library and identified gene by yeast functional screening. The yeast expression showed that they east cell grow well on SD-galactose-Leu-Ura-. The screening of over than 7000 clones from Oryza sativa cDNA libraries has been identified. 28 clones that survived following BAX-expression on inducible galactose medium. R12H780 clones confirmed protein prediction like putative senescence-associated-protein. This gene contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 108 amino acids. Transcription of R12H780 was induced in response to drought stresses, RT-PCR analysis showed transcript level in plant strongly detected in earliest time of drought stress treatment. Yeast transformed with R12H780 gene displayed markedly improved tolerance to PEG treatment, and high salinity in comparison to the control yeast (vector only). The results indicate R12H780 expression represents a new type of drought stress related gene with anti-apoptotic in Oryza sativa and endows tolerance to several types abiotic stress.

본 연구는 영국사회에서 교육결손집단이자 사회취약계층인 중도입국 다문화가정 학생을 위한 교육지원체제의 특징과 현황을 분석하는 것이다. 이는 인종적, 문화적 다양성이 확산되고 있는 우리의 교육환경에서 교육소외계층으로 전락하고 있는 중도입국아동 및 청소년을 포함한 다문화가정 학생의 학업성취도를 높이고 잠재력을 개발할 수 있는 교육방안을 마련하는데 시사점을 주기 위한 것이다. 이를 위해 이 연구에서는 우선, 다문화가정 학생 지원을 위한 교육 기조와 방향을 살펴보았고, 구체적인 교육지원사업 및 프로그램과 교육지원체제 성공 사례를 검토하였다. 연구의 결과에 따르면, 첫째, 영국의 중도입국 다문화가정 학생을 위한 교육체제는 전 국가적인 ‘교육수월성 강화(excellence in education)’와 ‘사회적 통합(social inclusion)’을 도모하는 교육복지를 기조로 전개되고 있었다. 둘째, 중도입국 이주학생의 성공적 통합은 학교-가정-지역 커뮤니티의 다자간 파트너십이 중요한 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 다문화배경을 가진 이주학생을 지원하기 위해 영국의 학교는 전담인력 배치를 통해 체계적인 교육역량강화프로그램을 전개하였다. 넷째, 균등한 교육기회를 제공하기 위해 다양한 생활지도 및 보살핌(good pastoral care)사업을 병행하였다. 이상에서 본 연구는 우리의 교육체제가 다문화적 배경을 가진 모든 학습자들의 잠재력을 제고할 수 있도록 학교 ‘안’과 학교 ‘밖’의 다양한 교육지원방안이 마련되어야 한다는 것을 강조한다.