A study on indigenous diatoms was carried out at 10 sites from May 2014 to December 2016 in marine and freshwater in Korea. Seventeen species of diatoms are new to Korea and they are divided into 3 classes, 4 subclasses, 10 orders, 14 families, and 16 genera. The nomenclatures, references, dimensions, specimens examined, local habitat, distribution in Korea, and photograph are reported here. Seventeen species found in marine, freshwater, and brackish water showed species-specific habitats.

CO2는 기공 메커니즘에 어떤 영향을 주는가? 햇빛에 의해 유도된 기공 열림에서 독립적인 CO2의 효과를 분리해서 본다는 것은 어려운 일이기 때문에, CO2에 의한 기공 열림 메커니즘은 아직 명확하게 밝혀지지 않은 실정이다. 기공은 또한 CO2 농도에 따라 다르게 반응 할 수 있다. 기공 열림과 닫힘의 식물의 생체적인 리듬도 관여하므로, CO2의 반응에 대한 해석은 많은 요소들을 고려해야 한다. 세포간극 내강 (Ci)의 감소된 CO2에서는 기공을 열린다는 것이 일반적으로 정해진 사실이다. 기공 열림의 정도를 결정하는 것은 삼투 물질이고, CO2가 삼투 물질의 수송에 영향을 준다고 가정하는 것이 CO2가 기공 메커니즘에 영향을 주는 유일한 방법이다. 그러나 CO2가 어떻게 공변세포 내의 삼투물질 농도에 영향을 주는지 그 메커니즘은 불분명하다. 지금까지, CO2는 공변세포의 삼투퍼텐셜을 증가시키는 이온과 유기물이 어떻게 공변세포 막을 통한 수송 메커니즘이 이루어지는지는 알려진 것이 없다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 CO2에 의한 삼투물질들의 공변세포 막 투과성에 대해 초점을 두었다. 잎을 일정한 농도의 CO2에 노출할 때 CO2–관련 된 반응들이 나타난다. 빛에 의한 기공 열림의 가설은 K+, Cl-, 슈크로스 그리고 말산2-를 포함하는 공변세포 내 삼투물질 농도의 증가에 있다. CO2가 H+를 세포 밖으로 방출하는 것을 나타내는 막의 과분극 (hyperpolarization)을 유도했다는 보고가 있다. 이는 CO2가 막 투과성에 관련된 첫 번째 증거이다. 온전한 잎에서 CO2는 빛에 의해 유도된 막의 과분극 보다 3∼4 배까지 공변세포의 막 과분극을 유도했다. 이러한 결과들은 CO2가 막 투과성에 영향을 주는 인지질 이중층과 수송단백질의 물리적인 특성에 변화를 초래한다는 것을 의미한다.

Hemangiomas are different from true vascular malformations in thei l‘ pathogenesis and cl inical prognosis. There are sti ll no standardized antibodies to distinguish hemangioma and vascular malformation apparently. We compared juvenile hemangioma and vascular malformation with immunohistochemjstry using va ri OllS antibodies, i.e. , ANG, bFGF, VEGF. EGFR, vWF. PCNA. p53. maspin, and TNF- . A very st rong positive expression of ANG and vWF was observed mainly in the vascular endothelial cells of juvenile hemangioma. VEGF s howed st rong positive reaction in the juveni le hemangioma, but p53 showed no positive reaction. Ancl a strong positive reaction of ANG was observed in the vascular endothelial walls of vascular malformation. p53 was frequently positive in the lining endothel ial cells in the vascular malformatJOn Using a ntiboclies such as VEG F'. ANG. vWF which a re related to the proliferation and matllrity of the vessel components. and p53 antibodies in order to confirm between juvenile hemangioma and vascular malformation would be helpful

We have made semi-analytical studies to investigate the configurations of caustics and the probability distribution of the flux factor K for the binary microlensing including external shears. A parametric equation of critical curve is derived in a 4th order complex polynomial. We present the topological dependencies of the caustics for selected gamma parameters (0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.3, 2.0, and 2.5) and convergence terms (0., 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, and 2.0). For the purpose of analyzing the efficiency of High Amplification Event (HAE) on each caustics, we examine the probability distribution of the flux factor by a Monte Carlo method. Changing the separation of the binary system from 0.8 to 1.3 (in normalied unit), we examine the probability distribution of the K-values in various gamma parameters. The relationship between gamma parameters, seperations and their probabilties of the flux factor K have been studied. Our results show that the relatively higher K values (K>1.5) are increased as increasing the separation of the binary system. We therfore conclude that, in the N-body microlensing, the probabilities of higher HAEs are inversely proportional to the star density as well. We also point out that the present research might be used as a preliminary step toward investigating heavy N-body microlensing simulations.

Effects of dimethipin on α-amylase activity of barley seeds were investigated. In the treatments of 1 μM and 10 μM dimethipin, the indexes of germination were reduced to 17% and 24 % respectively. After seed germination, dimethipin was added to germinated seedlings and then the seedlings were kept to measure seedling length under illumination for 7 days. In control, the length of seedling was 5.7 cm, but in the treatments of 1 μM dimethipin and 10 μM dimethipin, seedling lengths were 5.5 cm and 1.2 cm respectively. In the relationship between dimethipin concentrations and α-amylase activities, there was a linear curve. The more dimethipin was added to the seeds, the more α-amylase activities were inhibited. In the treatments of 1 μM dimethipin and 10 μM dimethipin, α-amylase activities were reduced to 33% and 71% respectively. Dimethipin also inhibited α-amylase activities increased by gibberellin and the content of soluble protein. Therefore, it could be suggested that dimethipin might inhibit directly the activities of hydrolysis enzymes including α-amylase or the expression of α-amylase genes as germination and seedling growth were severely disturbed.

To investigate the influence of the mesophyll cells on stomatal opening in response to white light, the segments of isolated epidermis were transferred on partly exposed mesophyll cells of a leaf and stomatal apertures were measured. Transferring the isolated epidermis on partly exposed mesophyll cells of a leaf caused a marked increase on stomatal apertures while stomata in isolated epidermis incubated in MES buffer hardly opened. Mesophyll infiltration with photosynthetic inhibitors (DCMU, DCCD, NaN3) was performed to elucidate the correlation between stomatal apertures and the degree of photosynthetic activity. It was found that transferring the isolated epidermis on partly exposed mesophyll cells of a leaf caused an increase of stomatal apertures depending on the degree of photosynthetic activities. In NaN3 infiltrated leaf discs, transferring the fresh isolated epidermis on partly exposed mesophyll cells of a leaf showed no significant effect, but a slight increase on stomatal apertures. Isolated epidermis alone did not respond to the light properly, but if it was closely contacted with mesophyll cells, the stomata regained the ability of the light response. Therefore, it could be suggested that stomatal apertures were related with the degree of photosynthetic activity in the mesophyll cells.

Three-week old Commelina communis was transferred and grown in Hoagland solution containing 100μM Cd2+, 100μM Cd2++100μM kinetin, 100μM Cd2++100μM zeatin and 100μM Cd2++200μM zeatin for 7 days, and then a number of physiological activities were investigated. In control, the length of the stem of plants was increased to 4.7cm, but in Cd2+, Cd2++kinetin, Cd2++100μM zeatin and Cd2++200μM zeatin treatments, the growth of plants were increased to 1.5cm, 2.1cm, 3.9cm and 4.3cm, respectively. In the treatments of Cd2+, Cd2+ +kinetin, Cd2++100μM zeatin and Cd2++200μM zeatin, total chlorophyll contents were reduced to 26%, 24%, 15% and 3%, respectively, on the contrast to the control. In chlorophyll fluorescence experiments, Fv/Fm ratios were also reduced to 44%, 21%, 17% and 5% in the light intensity of 2100μmole E m-2s-1 by Cd2+, Cd2++ kinetin, Cd2++100μM zeatin and Cd2++200μM zeatin treatments on the contrast to the control. Water stresses were increased to 2.6, 1.7 and 1.2 times by Cd2+, Cd2++kinetin and Cd2++100μM zeatin. On the other hand, combination of Cd2++200μM zeatin reduced water stress to 0.12%. In Cd2+ accumulation experiments Cd2+ transports were inhibited to 33%, 48% and 70% by Cd2++kinetin, Cd2++100μM zeatin and Cd2++200μM zeatin. Therefore, it could be concluded that zeatin clearly reduced the toxicities of Cd2+ by reducing the absorption of Cd2+.

ABA and SA showed different effect on stomatal closing on same condition. The addition of 1 mM salicylic acid to fully opened stomata resulted in a significant reductionn of 22 % in stomatal aperture. However, 1 mM ABA reduced 73 % of stomatal aperture. The light absorption spectra of the salicylic acid solution showed that SA was degraded within 1 hour. Therefore, SA solution was resupplied to the detached epidermis every 30 min. during incubation and it was found that even at 10 μM SA induced stomatal closing significantly. Its effect was also greatly pH dependent. The reduction of stomatal aperture caused by 1 mM SA was most effective at lower pH (pH 7.2, 5 %; pH 6.2, 40 %; pH 5.2, 78 %). Therefore, if SA was properly treated to the epidermal strips in the medium, the effects of SA on stomatal closing were similar with those of ABA.