This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of rumen origin lactate-utilizing bacteria (LUB) as one of the potential treatments on subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) during in vitro challenge compared to buffering agents (NaHCO3, sea minerals, MgO) and direct-fed microorganism (yeast). We hypothesized that rumen LUB (RLUB) could be a potential treatment to treat ruminal acidosis. The supplementation level of other treatments was determined by referring to previous studies in the literature. The 108 CFU/g freeze-dried RLUB isolated from Hanwoo cattle were compared with 0.1% NaHCO3, 0.8% of MgO, 0.5% sea mineral and 0.4% yeast during in vitro SARA challenge. Rumen fluid collected from one cannulated Holstein and one Hanwoo steer fed by maize silage was mixed with 0.5g feed consisted of 0.05g forage and 0.45g concentrate. These mixtures were incubated in triplication for 3, 6, 12 and 24h. After 6h of incubation, along with MgO and sea minerals, RLUB treatment showed higher (p<0.05) ㏗ values than control with no significant differences in total volatile fatty acid concentration. However, in the same period, the propionate concentration and A:P ratio were higher in RLUB than in the other treatment (p<0.05), which might alter the fermentation pattern. On the other hand, the RLUB treatment produced a higher (p<0.05) ammonia-N concentration. Based on these results, we can conclude that RLUB might have the potential to alleviate SARA. Nonetheless, further study on its mechanism in SARA is required, especially with live animals.

probiotics strains promoting the health are a collection of microorganisms that improve or restore microbial populations in the intestines. In this study, Leuconostoc probiotics was isolated from fermented gimchi and identified. Angelica dahurica, containing abundantly antioxidant activity, imperator, is a wildly grown species of angelica native. Before fermentation, total phenolics compound were 48.83 ± 4.9 GAE mg /g in the Angelica dahurica extract. After fermentation total phenolic compounds were 97.7 ± 12.6 GAE mg/g. The total amount of phenol in the fermented product was 30.2% higher than that before fermentation. The total flavonoid content before fermentation was 9.86 ± 4.3 mg / g and the total flavonoid content was 37.17 ± 7.4 mg/g after fermentation, which was 82.3% higher than before fermentation. The DPPH radical scavenging activity, superoxide radical scavenging activity, hydroxy radical scavenging activity and Fe++ chelating antioxidative activity of the Angelica dahurica extract were 41.6 ± 7.1%, 65.7 ± 8.4%, 55.26 ± 9.4% and 17.5 ± 4.6%, respectively. After fermentation, they were 60.3 ± 12.6%, 78.8 ± 8.3%, 56.9 ± 4.9% and 36.6 ± 8.9%, respectively. Therefore, the present study suggests that the fermentation using the probiotics strain of the Angelica dahurica extract can be used as a functional health food and cosmetic material with increased antioxidant capacity.

Hairy root culture of ginseng is industrially prospected because the cultivation period of ginseng is relatively long. In this study, the effect of medium concentration and sucrose concentration on hairy root culture of ginseng was evaluated. The optimization of ginseng hairy roots transformed by Agrobacterium rhizogene were performed liquid medium. The MS(Murashinge & Skoog basal medium) concentration was selected with 1/2 strength MS and the optimal sucrose concentration was determined at 2-3%(w/v). At the optimum culture condition, The yield (the ratio of weight of grown hairy root cultures to weight of fresh ginseng hairy roots) and production rate of ginseng root were 19.42 times and 5.73 g/l-day. The major ginsenosides were Rb group, Re and Rg1. The produced total ginsenoside content in the solid medium was 9.87 (mg/g) and increased 1.34 times in the liquid medium (13.23 mg/g). In solid culture, the contents of ginsenosides Rb, Re and Rg1 were 2.14, 3.65 and 1.87 mg/g, respectively. In liquid culture, the contents of ginsenosides Rb, Re and Rg1 were 3.54, 4.12 and 2.63 mg/g, respectively.

In the current study, a total of 102 common Todarodes pacificus squid caught in the East Sea were investigated for parasitological research. The results revealed that 33 (32.35%) out of 102 squid were infected by Nybelinia surmenicola, the mean intensity was 5.58 parasites per squid, and the maximum abundance was 11. Morphological analysis using a field emission scanning electron microscope showed the characteristic features of N. surmenicola. Molecular identification based on the 28S rRNA gene confirmed the isolated parasite as N. surmenicola, while phylogenetic analysis revealed that N. surmenicola isolated in this study was clustered with N. surmenicola isolated from Japan. This is the first report of phylogenetic characterization of N. surmenicola isolated from Korea.

식물 및 동물성 단백질 유래 펩타이드 형태의 단백질 가수 분해물들은 항산화, 고혈압 완화, 면역조절, 진통완화 및 항균작용 등 생리활성이 있는 것으로 알려져 왔다. 본 연구는 6가지 프로티아제 를 이용하여 오계란 단백질 가수분해물을 생산하고, 생산된 펩타이드의 항산화 능력을 평가하였다. 그 결과 가수분해도의 최대값은 protamex(46.3%)이고, DPPH 라디칼 소거능 최대값은 bromelain(57.23%), 하이드록시 라디칼 소거능 최대값은 alcalase(30.21%), 슈퍼옥사이드 라디칼 소거능 최대값은 alcalase(58.07%), Fe2+ 킬레이션 능력 최대값은 alcalase(72.06%)로 나타났다. 더 나아가 효소별 항산화 저해 능력 IC50 평가하였다. 그 결과 alcalase에 의한 최대값은 금속 킬레이션 눙력(IC50, 1.24 mg/mL) 이고, bromelain에 의한 최대값은 DPPH 소거능(IC50, 2.46 mg/mL)이고, flavourzyme에 의한 최대값은 금속 킬레이션 능력(IC50, 1.25 mg/mL)이고, neutrase에 의한 최대값은 DPPH 소거능(IC50, 3.64 mg/mL)이고, papain에 의한 최대값은 DPPH 소거능(IC50, 3.82 mg/mL)이고, protamex에 의한 최대값 은 DPPH 소거능(IC50, 1.93 mg/mL)이었다. 따라서 protease를 이용하여 오계란 단백질에서 추출한 펩 타이드는 항산화 기능성 식품소재로서 활용할 가치가 높을 것으로 기대한다.

연산 오계육은 오래전부터 건강기능 증진 및 치료 효능이 높은 것으로 알려져 왔다. 최근 천 연물 단백질 유래 기능성 펩타이드 효능이 알려짐에 따라, 본 연구는 연산오계 부산물인 내장육 단백질 로부터 고압처리기술과 프로티아제를 이용하여 펩타이드 생산 최적공정과 생성물의 특성을 연구하였다. 내장육의 가수분해는 효소 bromelain 과 내장육을 고압 반응기에 투입을 하여 실시하였다. 최적 공정 조건 확립을 위하여 고압처리기의 압력(30 - 100 MPa), 효소반응 시간 (1 - 5시간), 내장육의 양(10 – 30%)의 범위에서 수행되었다. 효소 반응 후 각 조건에 따른 내장육 단백질의 가수분해도, 생산 펩타이 드들의 아미노산 및 분자량 분포를 분석하였다. 연구 결과 내장육 단백질 가수분해 최적조건으로 압력 90 MPa, 효소반응시간 3–4시간, 내장육의 함량 20%에서 결정 되었다. 최적조건에서 오계 내장육 단백 질의 65% 이상이 가수분해 되었다. 대부분의 가수분해물의 분자량들은 400–1,000 Da 이하의 분포를 보여주어 대부분이 펩타이드로 판단되었다. 생산 펩타이드들은 비극성 소수성 아미노산들 42.3%, 극성 비전하 아미노산들 26.0%, 양 전하 아미노산들 13.3%, 음 전하 아미노산들 18.6% 로 분포되었다. 따라 서 항산화 능력이 뛰어난 비극성 아미노산의 분포를 보아 건강 기능 식품 소재로서 활용할 가치가 높을 것으로 기대를 한다.

The squid Todarodes pacificus is a commercially important fishery species in East Asia. As East Asians consume raw or lightly cooked squids, there has been growing concern about parasitic infections associated with squid consumption. In the current study, five squids caught in the East Sea were sampled for parasitological research from the biggest fishery market in Seoul, Republic of Korea. They were dissected and examined for parasites using a light microscope. Proteocephalus sp. was isolated and identified using field emission scanning electron microscopy, PCR, and sequencing. Given that Proteocephalus spp. can be affected by water temperature and geographical characteristics, further research on Proteocephalus spp. with respect to changes in water temperature in the East Sea is important.

Germinated rough rice (GRR) has many healthy effects such as antioxidant activity, inhibition of chronic inflammatory disease and prevention of vascular disease. In this study, germinated Korean rice sample which was planted in 2008 from Korean Rural Development Administration was used. The purpose of this study was to recognize the effect of the ethanol extract of GRR on the ischemic damage of skeletal muscle. Right femoral artery ligation was performed to induce ischemic condition in mice and the mixed basal diet with the ethanol extract of GRR at various levels (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg diet) was given for 2 weeks. After the mice were sacrificed, the hind limb muscle samples of the mice were fixed, sectioned, stained with Haematoxylin-Eosin (H&E), Masson’s trichrome, and performed for Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for caspase-3. In histopathological findings of H&E and Masson’s trichrome stain, the treatment of GRR at the level of 400 mg/kg diminished fibrosis and necrosis in the muscle compared to the control. The expression of caspase-3 protein was also decreased by the treatment of GRR at the level of 400 mg/kg compared to the control. These results suggest that the ethanol extract of GRR may have a protective effect against muscle damage during the ischemia in skeletal muscle of hindlimb.

Thirty-nine out of eighty-five barley varieties/strains survived until heading stage in the saline experimental field (0.03-0.05~%~;salt) and they were used for pollen study. Light and scanning electron microscopic observations revealed two distinctive types of barley pollens: one transparent and small in size and the other dark and larger. In addition, both types of pollens were stained with Alexander's stain and it was found that the smaller and transparent pollen was cytoplasm-devoid (CD) while the larger pollen was cytoplasm-rich (CR). Sixteen out of 39 barley varieties/lines grown in the saline soil had CR pollens, which were rarely observed in the barley plants grown in the non-saline soil. Moreover, it was observed that salt stress severely reduced seed setting in the varieties having degenerated pollens. These results suggest that salt stress affects the fertility of barley pollen. The sterile pollen was undersized and lack of cytoplasm probably due to abortion. Furthermore, a varietal difference existed in the response of pollen development to salt stress.

Effects of acute anoxia on carbohydrate hydrolytic enzyme activities and free amino acid contents in malt were examined. Malts were prepared with barley grains germinated for 7 days which contained the highest levels of amylolytic and(1-3,1-4)-β -glucanase activities. α -Amylase and β -amylase activities in malts were not significantly affected by anoxia for 5 or 10 h.(1-3,1-4)-β -Glucanase activity, however, decreased about 7 to 10% by anoxia for 5 or 10 h. Alanine and ~gamma -aminobutyric acid content changed drastically. Alanine contents in malts increased by 2.2- and 2-fold, and ~gamma -aminobutyric acid contents by 1.4- and 1.9-fold under anoxia for 5 and 10 h, respectively.