본 연구의 목적은 산림유전자원보호구역과 국립공원으로 지정된 계방산 일대 목본 식생의 군집 분류, 종조성, 지표종을 구명하여 계방산 일대의 생태정보 DB를 구축하는데 있다. 조사지 내에 출현한 목본식 물은 15과 33속 78종 2변종 1아종으로 조사되었으며, Chao 1과 Jack 1의 종수의 추정결과, 127개 조사 구는 계방산 일대 목본 식생을 대표할 수 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 유집분석 결과, 2개의 군집(A=신갈나 무군집, B=소나무-피나무군집)과 5개의 그룹으로 나누어 졌다. MRPP-test를 통해 군집 간에 유의차가 나타나 적절한 군집분류가 이루어 진 것으로 판단하였다(p<0.01). NMS 분석 결과 초본층 종풍부도와 고 도 간 부의 관계가 있는 것으로 분석되었으며, 군집 A가 군집 B에 비해 비교적 집중적인 분포를 보이는 것으로 나타나 동일한 종조성의 특징을 잘 나타난 것으로 판단된다. Plexus diagram 분석 결과, 산돌배 는 난티나무, 당단풍나무, 귀룽나무 등의 수종들과 연관성이 높은 것으로 나타났다.

Headwater streams are main sources of water, sediments, and organic materials that are transported downstream. Inthis study, we characterized the variability in benthic macroinvertebrate communities according to spatio-temporal variationresponding to the differences of environmental characteristics. We collected benthic macroinvertebrates at five samplingsites along longitudinal gradient on the Jangjeon stream in the Gariwang Mountain at three different seasons (spring, summerand autumn). We identified 93 taxa in 44 families. The dominant species was Gammarus sp. at the upper stream, whileit was Chronomidae spp. at the downstream. Changes of functional feeding guilds was clearly observed along the longitudinalgradient. Species turnover rates was higher in summer than in other seasons. The habitat condition including the landcover of their riparian zone and hydrological factors were major factors influencing on the community composition.

본 연구는 생태적 지위 모형을 이용하여 붉가시나무의 현존 및 잠재 분포도를 작성하고, RCP 8.5 시 나리오를 적용하여 미래의 분포 변화를 예측하기 위해 수행하였다. 이를 위해 5년에 걸쳐 수집된 NFI(National Forest Inventory) 자료에서 조사지점 별 붉가시나무의 풍부도 자료를 추출하여 사용하 였고, 생태적 지위 모형의 일종인 GARP(Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set Production)를 이용하여 붉 가시나무의 분포에 영향을 미치는 환경변수의 선정을 통해 잠재분포도를 작성하였다. 분석 결과, 붉가 시나무의 현존 분포는 전라남도 해안 및 도서지역, 경상북도, 제주도에 국한되어 출현하였고, 상대적으 로 제주도 서귀포와 전라남도 완도 지역에 출현 개체수가 많은 것으로 나타났다. 최종적으로 작성된 붉 가시나무 잠재분포모형의 평가 통계량인 AUC(Area Under Curve)는 0.93으로 높은 모형의 적합도를 보였다. 작성된 모형에서 1월 평균기온의 AUC가 가장 높은 것으로 나타나 기후변화 시나리오의 1월 평 균기온 상승에 따라 2090년대에는 강원도 고산지역을 제외한 전 지역에서 생육이 가능한 것으로 분석 되었다. 현재의 기후변화 양상을 감안한다면 붉가시나무는 향후 기후변화 환경 하에서 주요 수종의 하 나로서 잠재적 가치가 있는 것으로 판단되었다.

Headwater streams are the main sources of water sediment and organic material for downstream reaches and their small catchments coupled terrestrial-aquatic linkages. Because headwater streams provide valuable habitats for unique and diverse assemblages of aquatic fauna, they are also essential for sustaining the structure and function of the watersheds. Therefore, it has been recently supported that headwaters are important areas for maintaining biodiversity. In this study, we surveyed four different headwater streams in different watersheds to characterize differences of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages among study streams. Benthic macroinvertebrates were collected seasonally with a Surber net at four different streams. In addition, hydrological and physicochemical environmental factors including temperature, discharge, width, conductivity, dissolved oxygen and pH were also measured at each sampling site. Community indices were used to differentiate spatiotemporal changes of macrointertebrate communities. Multivariate analysis were used to characterize the relationships between communities and environmental factors. Differences of their environmental condition such as meteorological factors and stream hydromorphological factors were reflected in the ordination with macroinvertebrate communities.

Benthic macroinvertebrates are sedentary and have an intermediate life span ranging from months to a few years. They play a key role as consumers in the food trophic structure by linking producers, top carnivores, and decomposers in aquatic communities. Therefore, they have been widely used for ecological assessment of aquatic ecosystem health in an integrative and continuous manner. In this study, we characterized benthic macroinvertebrate communities at reference sites, which are not disturbed. Benthic macroinvertebrates were collected seasonally with a Surber net at three different streams (Pocheon, Hongcheon, and Namhae). In addition, hydrological and physicochemical environmental factors including temperature, discharge, width, conductivity, dissolved oxygen and pH were also measured at each sampling site. Spatial and temporal differences of benthic macrointertebrate communities were analyzed based on community indices, functional guilds, etc. relating to their environmental factors. Multivariate analysis were used to characterize the relationships between communities and environmental factors. Benthic macroinvertebrates were significantly different among sampling sites reflecting differences of their environmental condition such as hydromorphological factors, meteorological factors, etc.

본 연구는 남한지역 백두대간 마루금 일대의 고도별 식물 다양성 분포 패턴 및 기후인자, 면적, 기하학적 억제인자, 순일차 생산량이 고도별 식물 다양성 분포 패턴에 미치는 효과를 구명하기 위해 수행되었다. 백두대간 마루금 일대를 따라 위치한 1,100개의 조사구에 대한 식생조사 결과, 총 97과 342속 802종의 식물종이 관찰되었으며, 고도에 따른 식물종의 α 다양성을 나타내는 종풍부도와 Shannon-Wiener 지수는 단봉형 패턴을 나타내는 반면, β 다양성을 나타내는 Jaccard와 Chao-Jaccard 유사도 지수는 고도에 따라 일반적으로 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 또한, 이러한 분포 패턴을 제어하는 인자로서 기하학적 억제인자가 α 다양성을 설명하는 가장 중요한 인자로 나타났으며, β 다양성은 기후인자가 가장 높은 설명력을 가지는 인자로 나타났다. 본 연구는 동일한 분류군 내에서도 다양성 측정방법에 따라 상이한 고도별 분포 패턴 및 제어인자를 가진다는 것을 제시하며, 백두대간 마루금 일대의 식물 다양성을 제어하는 인자가 단순히 하나가 아닌 몇 가지 인자의 복합작용에 의해 나타나는 현상임을 의미한다.

Ant species were reported to have specific vertical distribution in high mountains in Korea. The vertical distribution was recognized in Hanla mountain being highest in South Korea using pitfall traps in 2006. This phenomena suggests that temperature may be a main factor for distribution of ant species, since 0.5~0.6℃ of temperature decrease per each 100 m of altitude. The present study was carried out to test this hypothesis. Ant communities were surveyed using pitfall traps (ten traps per each site) at 234 sites, which included 9 high mountains in South Korea. The vertical distribution of ant species were found in all the high mountains. Abundance data (probability of occurrence, %) of seventeen abundant ant species which occurred at more than 10% of the study sites were analyzed using multiples regression analysis with four independent factors such as temperature, precipitation, light intensity, and NDVI. As results of the regression analysis, temperature was most important in determining the abundance in 11 of 17 species. Light intensity was most important in 3 species, and precipitation in 1 species. In the 11 species being highly dependent on temperature, determination index (R2) of regression model with one factor of temperature was approximately 90% of determination index of the regression model with all four factors. On the base of dependence on temperature and of ecological characteristics (ground foraging), six species such as Paratrechina flavipes, Myrmica kotokui, Pachycondyla javana, Pristomyrmex pungens, Camponotus atrox, and Crematogaster osakensis were selected as bioindicator for global warming. In the bioindicator ant species, M. kotokui and C. atrox were predicted to decline in abundance and distribution in Korean peninsula as temperature increases, whereas other four species including P. flavipes, P. javana, P. pungens, C. osakensis were predicted to increase. Temperature-Distribution models were established in four most temperature-responsive species including P. flavipes, P. javana, P. pungens, and M. kotokui, and distribution maps of the species were made from the model. Reversely, temperature was estimated from ant data of five bioindicator species using regression model, of which R2 is 0.66.