In Korea, most temporary storage facilities for spent nuclear fuel are nearing saturation. As an alternative to this, the 2nd basic plan for high-level radioactive waste management specified the operation plan of dry interim storage facility. Meanwhile, the NSSC No. 2021-19 stipulates that it is necessary to evaluate the possibility and potential effect of accident before operating interim storage facility. Therefore, this study analyzed the categories of accident scenarios that may occur in dry storage facility as part of prior research on this. We investigated the case of categorization of dry storage facility accident scenarios of IAEA, NRC, KAREI, and KINS. The IAEA presented accident scenarios that could occur in on-site dry storage facility operated with silo and cask method. NRC has classified accident scenarios in dry storage facility and estimated the probability of accidents for each. KAERI and KINS selected major accident scenarios and analyzed the processes for each, in preparation for the introduction of dry storage facility in Korea in the future. Overall, a total of 10 accident scenarios were considered, and the scenarios considered by each institution were different. Among 10 scenarios, cask drop and aircraft collision were included in the categorization of most institutions. The results of this study can be used as basic data for cataloging accidents subject to safety evaluation when introducing dry interim storage facility in Korea in the future.

In Korea, the construction of dry storage facilities for spent nuclear fuel is being promoted through the 2nd basic plan for high-level radioactive waste management. When operating dry storage facilities, exposure dose assessment for workers should be performed, and for this, exposure scenarios based on work procedures should be derived prior. However, the dry storage method has not yet been sufficiently established in Korea, so the work procedure has not been established. Therefore, research is needed to apply it domestically based on the analysis of spent nuclear fuel management methods in major overseas leading countries. In this study, the procedure for receiving and storing spent nuclear fuel in a concrete overpack-based storage facility was analyzed. Among the various spent nuclear fuel management systems, the metal overpack-based HI-STAR 100 system and the concrete overpackbased HI-STORM 100 system are quite common methods in the United States. Therefore, in this study, work procedures were analyzed based on each final safety analysis report. First, the HI-STAR 100 overpack enters the facility and is placed in the transfer area. Remove the impact limiter of the overpack and install the alignment device on the top of the overpack. Place the HI-TRAC, an on-site transfer device, on top of the alignment unit and remove the lids of the two devices to insert the canister into the HI-TRAC. When the canister transfer is complete, reseat the lid to seal it, and disconnect the HI-TRAC from the HI-STAR 100. Raise the canister-loaded HI-TRAC over the alignment device on the top of the HI-STORM 100 overpack and remove the lids of the two devices that are in contact. Insert the canister into the HI-STORM 100 and reseat the lid. The HI-STORM 100 loaded with spent nuclear fuel is transferred to the designated storage area. In this study, the procedure for receiving and storing spent nuclear fuel in a concrete overpack-based storage facility was analyzed. The main procedure was the transfer of canisters between overpacks, and it was confirmed that HI-TRAC was used in the work procedure. The results of this study can be used as basic data for evaluating the exposure dose of operating workers for the construction of dry storage facilities in Korea.

Most patients with chronic low back pain experience functional disability of trunk muscle, and limitations in physical activity. While there are many types of exercise programs available, in recent years sling exercise has been emerging as the exercise program for spinal stabilization. It has been supported by a great amount of research with positive findings on its effectiveness. This research studies the effects of bridging exercise, conducted on a sling, on pain level and trunk muscle activation in supine, sidelying, and prone positions during a 4 weeks period. 10 healthy people(normal group, n=10) and 28 patients with low back pain participated in this study. 28 patients were divided into two groups; one group participated in exercise with the sling(experimental group, n=14) and the other group exercised without the sling(control group, n=14). They were asked to use the Numerical Rating Scale(NRS) to answer to the level of their pain they felt (no pain: 0 point, severe pain: 10 points). During sling bridging exercises, the muscle activity level in each muscle measured in each position was standardized as three seconds of EMG signals during five seconds MVIC. In conclusion, the experimental group with four weeks of sling bridging exercise experienced a statistically significant reduction in the pain level(p<.05) and increase in the muscle activities of erector spinae when in supine position, internal oblique when in sidelying position, and rectus abdominis in prone position(p<.05). Regular sling bridging exercise reduces the low back pain and enhances other trunk muscle activation, thereby positively affect spinal stabilization.

Cryopreservation of avian semen is a useful tool to preserve genetic resource for aim of preventing extinction induced by infectious disease like avian influenza. Unlike those of mammals, data from chicken cryopreserved semen has not been showed feasible results. So, various cryoprotectants and diluents have been examined in many methods. In this report, as a major ingredient of avian seminal plasm, glutamine was substituted by alanyl glutamine to enhance physiological stability of chicken semen during freezing. We studied effect of glycerol and Dimethylacetamide(DMA) on motility and progressive motility of spermatozoa using glutamine diluent(EK-G) or alanyl glutamine diluent(EK-A) condition. The semen of Ogye was collected twice a week by the dorso-abdominimal massage method and diluted with same volume of EK-G or EK-A at 25℃ and stored for 10 min at 4℃ in cold chamber. Glycerol or DMA was added to diluted semen to reached 7% of final concentration at 4℃. After 3min of equilibration, the diluted semen was packed into 0.25ml straws and subjected to cryopreservation used freezing equipment. The packed straw were placed on height 5 cm above surface of liquid nitrogen(LN2) and held for 10min. After preserved for 2 weeks, the straw was thawed onto the 4℃ cooling bath. The images of motility and progressive motility spermatozoa were recorded by digital image recorder and analyzed by manual. The results showed 68.5% motility and 34.1% progressive motility in DMA/EKA diluent, 31.45% and 17.6% in glycerol/EKA, 45.4% and 8.6% in DMA/EKG, and 9.7% and 6.4% in glycerol/EKG. With these results, the alanyl glutamine and DMA could be used as a main composition of diluent and cryoprotectant for cryopreservation of chicken semen.

To derive the distributions of electron density, temperature and gas-phase metal abundances within the Orion Nebula, we have performed a non-LTE analysis to the radio observations of hydrogen recombination lines and continuum flux over the frequency range from 0.1GHz to 100GHz. We have explicitly included the thermal balance condition in our analysis, hence our derived distributions have their internal consistencies. This enables us to derive the radial distribution of Oxygen and Nitrogen. The gas-phase concentrations of these cooling agents show about the solar values at the very central part of the nebula, then, decrease slowly outward, and finally become about one quarter of the solar values in the outer extended envelope. Such an outward decrease is interpreted as an outward increase of dust concentrations in the Orion.

Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models such as the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model are essential for forecasting one-day-ahead solar irradiance. In order to evaluate the performance of the WRF in forecasting solar irradiance over the Korean Peninsula, we compared WRF prediction data from 2008 to 2010 corresponding to weather observation data (OBS) from the Korean Meteorological Administration (KMA). The WRF model showed poor performance at polluted regions such as Seoul and Suwon where the relative Root Mean Square Error (rRMSE) is over 30%. Predictions by the WRF model alone had a large amount of potential error because of the lack of actual aerosol radiative feedbacks. For the purpose of reducing this error induced by atmospheric particles, i.e., aerosols, the WRF model was coupled with the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. The coupled system makes it possible to estimate the radiative feedbacks of aerosols on the solar irradiance. As a result, the solar irradiance estimated by the coupled system showed a strong dependence on both the aerosol spatial distributions and the associated optical properties. In the NF (No Feedback) case, which refers to the WRF-only stimulated system without aerosol feedbacks, the GHI was overestimated by 50–200 W m-2 compared with OBS derived values at each site. In the YF (Yes Feedback) case, in contrast, which refers to the WRF–CMAQ two-way coupled system, the rRMSE was significantly improved by 3.1–3.7% at Suwon and Seoul where the Particulate Matter (PM) concentrations, specifically, those related to the PM10 size fraction, were over 100 g m-3. Thus, the coupled system showed promise for acquiring more accurate solar irradiance forecasts.

This study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the antibiotic effects of leaves, stems, and roots in yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius). Antibacterial activity of leaf extract by disk diffusion method with Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli respectively showed 13.3 and 13.75mm diameters of clear zone. There was no significant difference between the stems and leaves. The minimum inhibitory concentration of leaves’ heating and agitation extraction showed a restrain of strain at 1mg/ml, but the stems and root extract did not appear. Yacon is a functional antibacterial material, and methanol extraction is more effective than water. This research was to investigate the growth stage of collection has the most effective antibacterial effects. It has collected yacon's leaves from June to October, which is an appropriate time for collection right before reaping. Yacon leaf has antibacterial effects on Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, and Salmonella enteritifis. There were no significant differences by the growth stage of collection. Leaves collected in July are high in phenol which helps in sulfating activity works well considering the high scavenging capability of DPPH. Leaves collected in September are high in total flavonoid.

Background : Ginseng is a perennial plant and damaged by various diseases and insect pests. The damage lowers harvest and quality. Accordingly, a chemical control system was made with the aim of effectively control gray mold, anthrax, and spotting disease which occur during growth period. fungicide resistance of gray mold rot was examined to find out whether the chemical control system can be used over the long term. Methods and Results : This experiment was conducted in three areas including Geumsan-gun, Yesan-gun, and Sejong city. The chemical control system was done to the plants of two years old or older. As for the order of the treatment, from the end of April to May Fludioxonil (A) and Pyraclostrobin (B) were used; from the mid-May to the end of July of growth stages Difenoconazole (C), Iminoctadinetris (albesilate) (D), Cyprodinil (E), Metconazole (F), Fluazinam (G) and Pyrimethanil (H); from August to September nonresidualizing polyoxinB + mancozeb (K); in November of hibernating period, Fenhexamid (I) and Carbendazim/diethofencarb (J) were used. As for the interval, from the end of April to the end of July the interval was 10 days, in August and September once a month, and twice in every ten days in November. The isolation of Botrytis cinerea for examination into mycelial growth inhibition rate was conducted to 4-year old ginseng in Geumsan, 5-year old in Yesan, and 3-year old in Sejong. In Geumsan, the mycelial growth inhibition rate to Botrytis cinerea was 75.5% - 100%. Every fungicides showed good rate of mycelial growth inhibition. The lowest rate was seen in fungicide B at 75.5%. K showed the prevention rate at 76.8%, D at 82.7%, and I at 82.2%, and other fungicides at 100%. In Sejong area, the hyphal prevention rate of Botrytis cinerea was 71.0% - 100%, indicating all fungicides show good rate of mycelial growth inhibition. The lowest rate was recorded by fungicide B at 71.1%, D at 81.1%, K at 85.4%, and I at 95.4%. Yesan area also showed similar results to those of Geumsan and Sejong. Conclusion : Botrytis cinerea was isolated from ginseng and mycelial growth inhibition effect was examined in concentration of 11 kinds of fungicides. In all three areas where chemical control system were applied, resistance was not found, suggesting that the chemical control system can be applied to control diseases of ginseng.

Background : Ginseng is a perennial plant and damaged by various diseases and insect pests. The damage lowers harvest and quality. In particular, gray mold rot occurs to plants of every year, growth duration, and hibernating stage, and decays leaves, stems, and roots, lowering the amount of harvest. This experiment was conducted with the aim of effectively preventing gray mold rot, and other major diseases such as anthrax and spotting disease, and establishing chemical control system. Methods and Results : This experiment was conducted in three areas including Geunsan-gun, Yesan-gun, and Sejong city. As for the procedure of medical treatment, from the end of April to early May of germination period, Fludioxonil and Pyraclostrobin were used. From the mid-May to the end of July of growth period, Difenoconazole, Iminoctadine tris (albesilate), Cyprodinil, Metconazole, Fluazinam, and Pyrimethanil were used. From August to September, non residualizing polyoxinB + mancozeb was used. In November of hibernating stage, Fenhexamid and Carbendazim/diethofencarb were used. As for the interval, from the end of April to the end of July the interval was 10 days, in August and September once a month, and twice in every ten days in November. The chemical control system effect was compared with conventional prevention. When chemical control system was used, stem spotting disease occurred at a lower rate of 0.34% than 1.2% of the conventional method. Leaf spotting disease occurred at a lower rate of 1.4% compared with 7.1% of the conventional method, and anthrax occurred at a lower rate by more than 10% than the conventional method. Stem gray mold rot occurred at a rate of 4.1% when the conventional method was used, but the rate stood at 5.3% in Geumsan, 8.9% in Yesan, 2.3% in Sejong when the prevention method was used, which suggest the chemical control system was effective. Conclusion : When chemical control system was applied to prevent major diseases of ginseng, spotting disease, anthrax, and gray mold occurred at lower rates compared with the case where the conventional method was used. The finding is that the chemical control system can be utilized to prevent major diseases of ginseng.

Background : This study was carried out to understand the effect of seedling weight (SW) on growth and flowering in Panax ginseng. Methods and Results : The testing materials were Chunpoong (CP), Yunpoong (YP) and Jakyeongjong (JK). The increase of seedling (1yr) weight led to an increase in ratio of flowering plant and in number of flower per plant. The seed setting rate of two year-old plant (CP, YP, JK) increased with increase of SW at the planting time (PT) and number of flower per plant of three year-old plant (CP, YP) increased also. In the two year-old plant (JK), the ratio of three leaves per plant was 8.8, 19.6, 31.0, 42.0, 44.7 and 58.2%, respectively, in the SW of >0.6, 0.6~0.8, 0.8~1.0, 1.02~1.2, 1.2~1.4 and 1.4g<. The growth of ginseng plant was good with increase of SW at the PT. Conclusion : There was a highly positive correlation between seedling weight and flowering characteristics.

This study was carried out to determine the optimum harvest date of unshelled immature peanuts and dried kernels from 60 to 120 days after flowering. Fresh pod yield of spanish-type variety, 'Shaedl-tangkong(SD)' reached a peak of 9,140kg/ ha at 70 (days after flowering(Aug. 13) while that of virginia-type variety, 'Daepoongtangkong(DP)' reached a peak of 8,820kg/ha at 90 days(Sept. 11) after flowering. SD and DP showed maximum fresh kernel yield of 6,090 and 6,470kg/ha at 90 days after flowering (Sept. 11), respectively, while dry kernel yield reached a peak of 3,300 and 3,720kg/ha at 110 days(Oct. 1), respectively. Oil content of SD and DP were the highest at 90 days and 100 days after flowering, respectively and the oil content of two varieties increased rapidly from 60 to 90 days. Tannin content of the seed hull of SD increased continuously until 110 days after flowering while that of DP maximized at 100 days. The tannin content of the two varieties increased rapidly from 60 to 100 days. Total sugar of SD and DP showed highest content at 60 days and 70 days after flowering, respectively and suger content decreased very rapidly until 80 days and after that sugar content kept nearly constant. Oil, tannin and total sugar content of spanish-type SD were higher than those of virginia-type DP.