This study has been carried out to identify larvae and to acquire useful biological information of insect larvae through rearing from 1997 to 2016 in HECRI(Holoce Ecosystem Conservation Research Institution). Total 148 species belonging to 16 families were collected and 45 species belonging to 12 families identified. Among identified species monophagous caterpillars dependent on maple tree were 16 species belonging to 6 families, polyphagous 29 species belonging to 9 families. The dominant family is Geometridae(50 species), second is Noctuidae(26 species) and followed by Tortricidae(18 species).

The population size of Red-spotted Apollo Butterfly(Parnassius bremeri) has been reduced because of their habitats destruction and partly climate change. Estimation of metapopulation size and survival day of Red-spotted Apollo Butterfly was made in Samcheok where release was carried for 5 years, Korea, by using the mark-release-recapture method. 421(female: 188, male: 233) of Red-spotted Apollo Butterfly were captured and 177 individuals(female: 89, male: 88) were recaptured and rates of recapture was 42%. Average of survival day was 3.59 and max survival day was 11. The migration of Red-spotted Apollo Butterfly was occurred significantly between short patches. Their max distance of migration was 6.74km. Estimate of P. bremeri was from minimum 125 to maximum 1844.

This study was conducted to investigate exact life cycle and Parnassius bremeri’s response to heat shock stress from 2012 to 2016 in Holoce Ecosystem Conservation Research Institution through captive breeding. About 16 days(15.7±0.3days) later embryo in eggs were developed as pharate first instar and the eggs of Parnassius bremeri possessed the ability to undergo an extended aestivation hosting a fully developed pharate 1st instar larvae within the chorion. Pharate 1st instar in egg hatched from late in November to early in December about 194 days(194.3±1.1days) later. All pharate 1st instar in egg and out of egg survived at 25℃, 35℃. In case of 45℃ survival rate of pharate 1st instar in an egg (93.8±6.3%) was significantly higher than those (22.2±10%) of pharate 1st instar out of an egg. All was dead at 47.5, 50, 52.5 and 55℃.

Most caterpillars, the larvae of butterflies and moths(Lepidoptera), are herbivorous. Even though their major role in the ecosystem, details of biology are poorly known for most species. This study has been carried out to identify larvae and to acquire useful biological information of insect larvae through rearing from 1997 to 2015 in HECRI(Holoce Ecosystem Conservation Research Institution). From 2012, 2013, 2014 we are carrying out ‘Larvae Identification and Specimen Security of Primary Endemic Moths in Korea Peninsula through Rearing’ supported by National Institute of Biological Resources(NIBR). Of these this study is the list about special caterpillars feeding on the foliage wild peach (Prunus spp.) Total 209 species belonging to 15 families were collected and 52 species belonging to 13 families identified. Among them wild peach dependent monophagous caterpillars are 17 species belonging to 9 families, oligophagous 1 species belonging to 1 families and polyphagous 34 species belonging to 9 families. The dominant family is Geometridae(65 species), second is Noctuidae(57 species) and followed by Pyralidae(21 species).

SCPs on larvae and eggs of red-spotted apollo butterfly, P. brimeri were measured according to the method of Kim and Kim (1977) with a thermocouple, BTM-4208SD (LT Lutron, Taipei, Taiwan), to detect the release of the latent heat of fusion as body water freezed. SCP of larvae during March goes below –27.4±1.7℃ and egg scp during November goes –47.2±1.0℃. In order to identify the reason of the difference(-17℃) between egg and larva we took photographed egg through scanning electron microscope (COXEM EM-30, Korea). Chorion of P. bremeri were 100.1㎛, Papilio machaon and Sericinus montela in same family was 10.8㎛, 5.5㎛ respectively. P. bremeri was 10 times, 20times thicker than another species within the same family .

The early spring swallowtail, Luehdorfia puziloi (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) is univoltine with adult emergence in early spring and the larvae feed on the genus Asarum (Aristolochiaceae). This study was conducted to investigate temperature effect on adult emergence of overwintering L. puziloi pupae at five different constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, 27.5 and 30℃) with photoperiod 10:14(L:D) and relative humidity 60% by using 150 pupae, 2013 in Holoce Ecosystem Conservation Research Institution (HECRI). The lower developmental thresholds of female, male, and both sexes combined were 6.131, 8.64, and 8.088℃, respectively. Developmental period of overwintering pupae to adults decreased with increasing temperature from 15 to 30℃. Mortality of five different constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, 27.5, and 30℃) was 13.3, 3.3, 16.67, 13.3 and 13.3%. Especially mortality of constant temperature 25℃ was higher than other conditions and survival rate 20℃ was the highest. Thermal constants of female, male and both sexes combined were 207.11, 125.97 and 150.18DD, respectively. The relationship between the developmental rate and temperature was fitted by linear and five nonlinear developmental rate models (Logan 6, Lactin 1, 2 and Briere 1, 2). The development variation of overwintering pupae was described by the two-parameter Weibull distribution model. The adult emergence of overwintering L. puziloi pupae in spring can be explained and predicted by using developmental rate models and developmental distribution model.

Most caterpillars, the larvae of butterflies and moths(Lepidoptera), are herbivorous. Sometimes they are regarded as serious agricultural pest that cause to damage agricultural produce, whereas some species such as Bombyx mori is known to be valued as sources of silk. Even though their major role in the ecosystem, details of biology are poorly known for most species. This study has been carried out to identify larvae and to acquire useful biological information of insect larvae through rearing from 1997 to 2014 in HECRI(Holoce Ecosystem Conservation Research Institution). From 2012 HECRI are carrying out ‘Larvae Identification and Specimen Security of Primary Endemic Moths in Korea Peninsula through Rearing’ supported by National Institute of Biological Resources(NIBR). Of these this study is the list about special caterpillars feeding on the foliage Willow Trees (Salix spp.) Total 143 species belonging to 13 families were collected and identified 69 species belonging to 12 families. Among them Willow Treesdependent monophagous caterpillars are 34 species belonging to 5 families, oligophagous 36 species belonging to 3 families and polyphagous 16 species belonging to 12 families. The dominant family is Geometridae(51 species), second is Noctuidae(35 species) and followed by Notodontidae(21 species).

The giant water bug, Lethocerus deyrollei which is the largest aquatic insect in Korea, has been designated as an endangered species by the Ministry of Environment of Korea since 1997 and is also recorded as “Vulnerable” on red Data Book of Japan (Japan Environment Agency, 2000). The populations of L. deyrollei have decreased dramatically in Korea because of loss of wetland habitats, road kill and artificial lighting. Since 2007 Holoce Ecosystem Conservation Research Institution (HECRI) has been reared L. deyrollei through breeding in captivity and 90 pairs individuals were released from 2012 to 2013. On the basis of previous field monitoring which was considered sufficient food such as fish, tadpoles and frogs and emergent plants such as Phragmites communis, Phragmites japonica, Typha angustifolia and Acorus calamus, Hyeon-cheon(E128°09’38“, N37°30’23“, 556m) was selected as a release site. After release on July 16, 2013 and carried out monitoring twice. We observed several egg clusters on July 25 and 1st larvae on July 30 respectively. Hyeon-cheon seems to be appropriate and expected to be as a major natural wet habitats for L. deyrollei.

This study was carried out to investigate whether giant water bug, designated as an endangered species by the Ministry of Environment of Korea since 1997, can control American bull frog tadpole which has been designated as an Invasive Alien Species(IAS) by the Ministry of Environment of Korea since 1998. The experiment was conducted through food preference between fish (Crucian carp, Carassius auratus) and American bull frog tadpole(Rana catesbeiana) in laboratory condition (25±1°C) in HECRI. Potential food such as fish(weight: 8.2±0.6, length: 87.4± 1.6mm) and American bull frog tadpole(weight: 6.8±0.4g, length: 92.3±1.6mm) were inserted 5 individuals respectively in the nineteen acrylate cages with one pair of L. deyrollei simultaneously. Twice(10:00, 18:00) per a day was monitored. Once we confirmed prey was consumed by L. deyrollei, removed and replaced with same species to maintain same number immediately. Preference for American bull frog tadpole was significantly higher(93.6%) than fish(6.4%) (F=30.65, df=1, 18, P<0.0001).

Caterpillars, the larvae of butters and moths(Lepidoptera), are enormously important in terrestrial food webs. They are not only the preferred grub for insects, birds, fishes, reptile and amphibian but also engineers of nutrient cycling processes and are the largest natural consumers of vegetation. Even though their major role in the ecosystem, details of biology are poorly known for most species. HECRI(Holoce Ecosystem Conservation Research Institution) has been carried out to identify larvae and to acquire useful biological information of primary endemic insect larvae through rearing from 1997 to 2013. Of these this study is the result about special caterpillars feeding on the foliage Oak Trees (Quercus spp.) which composed 60-70% of broad-leaved forest thereby important component for forest in the Korean Peninsula. Total 297 species belonging to 23 families were collected and identified 101 species belonging to 21 families. Among them Oak Trees-dependent monophagous caterpillars are 247 species belonging to 20 families and polyphagous caterpillars are 50 species belonging to 11 families. The dominant family is Noctuidae(83 species), second is Geometridae(67 species) and followed by Notodontidae(33 species).

The Zena hawk moth(Langia zenzeroides) is one of the most dangerous insect pest feeding on Rosaceae fruits(Prunus persica Batsch, Prunus salicina Linnaeus) in Korea because of gregarious diet. The study was conducted to investigate biology and the temperature effect on adult emergence of overwintering L. zenzeroides pupae at five different constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, 27.5 and 30°C) with photoperiod 10:14(L:D) and relative humidity 60%. The lower developmental thresholds of L. zenzeroides were 9.7°C. Developmental period of overwintering pupae to adults decreased with increasing temperature from 15 to 30°C. Mortality of five different constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, 27.5 and 30°C) was 4, 8, 20, 8 and 48%. Especially mortality of constant temperature 30°C was higher than other conditions and survival rate of 15°C was the highest. Thermal constants of L. zeroenzides were 109.5DD. The relationship between the developmental rate and temperature was fitted by linear and one nonlinear developmental rate models (Lactin 1). The development variation of overwintering pupae was described by the two-parameter Weibull distribution model. We investigated development period in the study site by using 70 eggs. From egg to pupa period was 84.9±0.4.

Temperature is one of important factors to determine insect phenology. Based on the bioclimatic law, the relationship between climate change and ecosystem change was studied from 2008 to 2013 in HECRI by monitoring the spring emergence patterns of three Papilionidae species (Papilio xuthus, P. machaon, and Sericinus montela). The overwintering pupae were set on the wood plate and adult emergence were monitored and recorded in every morning. The first spring emergence of P. xuthus, P. machaon and S. montela in 2013 were Apr 19th, May 1st and Apr 22th, respectively. And peak time of three species were May 7th, May 11th and May 9th, respectively. Study on temperature-dependent development was conducted to investigate the temperature effect on adult emergence of overwintering S. montela pupae at four different constant temperatures (15, 20, 25 and 30°C) with photoperiod 10:14(L:D). The low temperature threshold of female, male and both sexes combined were 12.39, 12.16, and 12.37°C, respectively. Developmental period of overwintering pupae to adults decreased with increasing temperature from 15 to 30°C. Thermal constant of female, male and both sexes combined were 220.26, 192.31, and 200.18DD, respectively. The relationship between thermal constant and cumulative adult emergence was predicted by temperature-dependent development. Estimate through 7 times on the highest temperature was equal and results were distinctively divided into two pattern(2008～2010 and 2011～2013). The relationship between observed and estimated values was presented by linear regression (r2=0.97)

Actias artemis is a members of the family Saturniidae, also known as wild silkmoths, have impressive color and size. In 2012, estimation of Actias artemis (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) abundance in HECRI was conducted using the mark-release-recapture (MRR) method (Jolly, 1965) from mid to late May. Seven sampling events were accomplished from 19 May, 21 May, 22 May, 24 May, 26 May, 28 May and on 30 May, during the main flight of the species. Marking was made by writing numbers in the hind wing of each individual moths. Most collections were undertaken by a team of experienced four or six researches of HECRI using light trap (mercury lamp: 250W). Seven female and 58 male moths were captured in study site. The effective population size of Actias artemis was 24.9 and heterozygosity was more than 97%. Seven marked moths were recaptured, resulting in 9.7% of recapture rate. The estimated population size of A. artemis showed a peak by 133 individuals on 22 May and then declined. The estimated adult numbers of A. artemis using MRR method from minimum 168 to maximum 5,332 (p<0.05).

This study was conducted to investigate the impacts of male incubating behaviour on hatching rate of giant water bug from May 2, 2011 to September 2, 2012 in the laboratory(24.1±0.2℃) in HECRI. The giant water bug, Lethocerus deyrollei, is the largest aquatic insect in Korea (length, Female: 63.5±0.4mm, Male: 54.0±0.3mm). L. deyrollei has been designated as an endangered species by the Ministry of Environment of Korea since 1997. L. deyrollei lay eggs as clusters on stems or vegetation of aquatic plants above the water. Males do not leave the stems which eggs are sticked until eggs hatched because they protect eggs against predators and supply water to eggs. The incubating behavior of male L. deyrollei was observed three times a day, 06:00, 13:00 and 19:00 respectively and 32 egg-clusters were used. Three treatment - presence of male incubation, absence of male incubation, and artificial removing male - were manipulated to observe the hatching rate of egg masses. There were different hatching rates between presence (67.2%) and absence (1.9%) of male incubatng behavior. In case of artificial removing male, eggs could not hatch. The mean diameter of eggs(2.87±0.03mm) which male incubated was bigger than that of eggs(2.18±0.03mm) which male did not care.

Papilio xuthus is known as the Asian swallowtail, Chinese yellow swallowtail, or as the Xuthus swallowtail. It overwinters in pupae stage. The study was conducted to investigate the temperature effect on adult emergence of overwintering P. xuthus pupae at four different constant temperatures (15, 20, 25 and 30°C) with photoperiod 10:14(L:D). The lower developmental thresholds of female, male and both sexes combined were 9.71, 11.03, and 10.49°C, respectively. Developmental period of overwintering pupae to adults decreased with increasing temperature between 15 and 30°C. Degree-days for adult emergence to female, male and both sexes combined were 227.27, 175.44, and 200.80DD, respectively. The relationship between the developmental rate and temperature was fitted by linear and five nonlinear developmental rate models (Logan 6, Lactin 1, 2 and Briere 1, 2). The variation of overwintering pupae development was described by the two-parameter Weibull distribution model. The adult emergence of overwintering P. xuthus pupae in spring can be explained and predicted by using developmental rate models and developmental distribution model. The effect of climate change on phenology and distribution of P. xuthus may be presented by the model.

Papilio macilentus is the longest tail butterfly of Papilionidae found in Japan, China and Korea and has distinctive morphological differences between male and female. P .macilentus feeds on Zanthoxylum schinifolium and has three generations per year. The lower developmental threshold and thermal constant for adult emergence of P. macilentus overwintering pupae were estimated at four different constant temperatures (15, 20, 25 and 30°C) with photoperiod 10:14 (L:D). The lower developmental threshold of both sexes combined was 7.95°C. The development of overwintering pupae decreased with increasing temperature between 15 and 30°C. Thermal constant of both sexes combined was 251.26DD. The relationship between the developmental rate and temperature was fitted by linear and five nonlinear developmental rate models (Logan 6, Lactin 1, 2 and Briere 1, 2). The development of overwintering P. macilentus pupae was described by the two-parameter Weibull distribution model. The temperature-dependent adult emergence model of P. macilentus developed in this study could be used to predict the full-cycle phenology model of P. macilentus and applied to understand the effects of climate change on the emergence distribution of overwintering pupae.