To improve coating ability and the life of the coating, Ti based composite materials with hydroxyapatite(HA) should be developed. The raw materials of Ti-26wt%, Nb-1wt%, and Si with 10wt% HA were mixed for 24 h by a mixing machine and milled for 1 h to 6 h by planetary mechanical ball milling. Ti-26%Nb-1%Si-(10%HA) composites, composed of nontoxic elements, were fabricated successfully by spark plasma sintering(SPS) at 1000˚C under 70MPa. The relative density of the sintered Ti-Nb-Si-HA composites using the 24 h mixed powder, and the 6 h milled powder, was 91% and 97 %, respectively. The effects of HA contents and milling time on microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated by SEM and hardness tester, respectively. The Vickers hardness of the composites increased with increasing milling time and higher HA content. The Young's modulus of the sintered Ti-26%Nb-1%Si-10%HA composite using the 6 h-milled powder was 55.6 GPa, as obtained by compression test. Corrosion resistance of the Ti-26wt%Nb-1wt%Si composite was increased by milling and by the addition of 10wt%HA. Wear resistance was improved with increasing milling time. Biocompatibility of the Ti-Nb-Si alloys was improved by the addition of HA.

We analyzed the manufacturing procedure, specifications, repair history, and details of celestial movements of the water-hammering type Honsang (celestial globe). Results from our study on the remaining Honsangs in China and Japan and on the reconstruction models in Korea were applied to our conceptual design of the water-hammering type Honsang. A Honui (armillary sphere) and Honsang using the water-hammering method were manufactured in Joseon in 1435 (the 17th year of King Sejong). Jang Yeong-Sil developed the Honsang system based on the water-operation method of Shui yün i hsiang t’ai in China. Water-operation means driving water wheels using a water flow. The most important factor in this type of operation is the precision of the water clock and the control of the water wheel movement. The water-hammering type Honsang in Joseon probably adopted the Cheonhyeong (天衡; oriental escapement device) system of Shui yün i hsiang t’ai in China and the overflow mechanism of Jagyeongnu (striking clepsydra) in Joseon, etc. In addition to the Cheonryun system, more gear instruments were needed to stage the rotation of the Honsang globe and the sun’s movement. In this study, the water-hammering mechanism is analyzed in the structure of a water clock, a water wheel, the Cheonhyeong system, and the Giryun system, as an organically working operation mechanism. We expect that this study will serve as an essential basis for studies on Heumgyeonggaknu, the water-operating astronomical clock, and other astronomical clocks in the middle and latter parts of the Joseon dynasty.

한국의 전통 천문학은 과거 중국의 영향을 받아 여러 면에서 중국과 비슷하지만 별자리 모양이나 별이름 등에서 중국과 구별되는 특징을 가지고 있다. 이 연구에서는 규장각에 보관중인 조선 초기의 보천가와 중국 수대(581~618) 왕희명이 저술한 보천가를 비교하여 분석하였다. 두 보천가에 그려진 천문도 별자리 모양과 연결선 그리고 본문 설명에 대하여 각각 비교하였다. 두 책을 비교·분석한 결과 별자리 설명의 여러 부분에서 전반적인 차이가 있음을 확인하였다. 첫째 두 서적의 구성에서 서문과 삼원 별자리, 은하수 설명은 확연한 차이를 보여 준다. 둘째, 보천가에 그려진 전반적 별자리 그림은 비슷하지만 별자리의 연결선과 별의 개수가 여러 곳에서 다르게 그려져 있다. 셋째, 조선의 보천가는 중국 왕희명 보천가와 달리 별자리 설명에서 별의 색깔을 표현하고 있다. 이러한 두 나라 보천가의 차이점과 조선 보천가의 고유한 특징을 찾아 논문에 정리하였다. 조선 보천가와 중국 보천가의 여러 차이점은 우리 고유의 천문지식과 체계가 고려시대 이전부터 꾸준히 전해져 왔음을 짐작케 한다.