Golden apple snails(GAS) are native to warm regions such as Central and South America and Southeast Asia, and were first introduced as a high-protein food. GAS are omnivorous and have a habit of eating plants submerged in water, so they have been used for eco-friendly weed control in rice fields since 1992. When the GAS was first introduced, it was thought that it would be impossible to overwinter in Korea. However after 2000, overwintering individuals were founded and damage to rice occurred and the development of means to control GAS has been required. In this study, we tested the effectiveness of an eco-friendly pest control agent using Styrax japonicus that grow naturally in Korea. As a result of exposing GAS to S. japonicus fruit powder, a 100% molluscicidal effect was confirmed at 66.7ppm. To investigate the duration of effect, treatment was performed at the same concentration and molluscicidal effect of more than 90% was up to 3 days after treatment. The killing effect of each part of the S. japonicus was compared, and the seed extracts showed no killing effect at all concentrations, while the sarcocarp extracts showed a 100% killing effect up to 33.3ppm, and the fruit extracts showed a 100% killing effect up to 200ppm.

『광운(廣韻)』 의 입성운(入聲韻) 반절을 음운 자질에 근거해 성모와 주요모음, 운미의 자질 대응 관계를 분석한 연구를 살펴보면, 반절상·하자가 피절자와 일정한 대응 관계를 이루는 것을 알 수 있다. 본 연구는 『광운(廣韻)』의 음성운(陰聲韻) 반절을 분석하였다. 음성운은 운미가 모음이거나 없는 글자로 개미운(開尾韻), 서성운(舒聲韻)이라 한다. 입성운과는 구분되는 음성운 반절에서도 반절상·하자가 피절자와 일정한 대응 관계를 보이는지 확인하였다. 성모는 『광운(廣韻)』 자모(字母)의 조음자(articulator)에 기반하여 대응 관계를 분석하고, 운모는 운두(韻頭), 운복(韻腹), 운미(韻尾)를 나누어 호(呼), 등(等), 섭(攝)을 통해 대응 관계를 살펴보았다.

CVA(Cerebro-Vascular Accidant) and HLD(Herniated Lumbar Disc) induces psychiatric disorders as well as neural disorders. In oriental medical treatment and management of CVA patients(group A) and HLD patients(group B), these psychiatric disorders are as major and important as neural disorders. For investigating the rate and difference of psychiatric disorders between two groups, We examined them with SCL-90-R(Symptoms Check List-90-R), Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), State-trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI) among psychological test. then the results are as follows; 1. In group A, phobic Anxiety was most high, and somatization, psychoticism, depression, anxiety, hostility, interpersonal sensitivity, obsessive-compulsive and paranoid ideation were located by score. 2. In group B, somatization was most high, and phobic anxiety, hostility, depression, psychoticism, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity and paranoid ideation were located by score 3. According to SCR-90-R test, group A were significantly increased compared to group B in phobic anxiety 4. According to STAI test, group A were significantly increased compared to group B in state anxiety and trait anxiety 5. According to BDI test, group A were significantly increased compared to group B in depression we might be suggested that CVA patients had more serious psychiatric disorders than HLD patients. therefore, CVA patients must be treated and managed more actively than HLD patients

The ultrastructural characteristics of germ cell differentiations during spermatogenesis and mature sperm morphology in male () were evaluated via transmission electron microscopic observation. The accessory cells, which contained a large quantity of glycogen particles and lipid droplets in the cytoplasm, are assumed to be involved in nutrient supply for germ cell development. Morphologically, the sperm nucleus and acrosome of this species are ovoid and conical in shape, respectively. The acrosomal vesicle, which is formed by two kinds of electron-dense or lucent materials, appears from the base to the tip: a thick and slender elliptical line, which is composed of electron-dense opaque material, appears along the outer part (region) of the acrosomal vesicle from the base to the tip, whereas the inner part (region) of the acrosomal vesicle is composed of electron-lucent material in the acrosomal vesicle. Two special characteristics, which are found in the acrosomal vesicle of A. () in Pinnidae (subclass Pteriomorphia), can be employed for phylogenetic and taxonomic analyses as a taxonomic key or a significant tool. The spermatozoa were approximately in length, including a sperm nucleus (about in length), an acrosome (about in length), and a tail flagellum (about ). The axoneme of the sperm tail evidences a 9+2 structure.

Nesfatin-1/NUCB2, which is secreted from the brain, is known to control appetite and energy metabolism. Recent studies have been shown that nesfatin-1/NUCB2 was expressed not only in the brain, but it was also expressed in the gastric organs and adipose tissue. However, little is known about the expression of nesfatin-1/NUCB2 in the male reproductive system. Therefore, we examined whether the nesfatin-1/NUCB2 and its binding site exists in the male reproductive organs. Nesfatin-1/NUCB2 mRNA and protein were detected in the mouse testis and epididymis by PCR and Western blot analysis. As a result of the immunohistochemistry staining, the nesfatin-1 protein was localized at the interstitial cells and Leydig cells in the testis. Nesfatin-1 binding sites were also displayed at boundary cells in the tunica albuginea. Furthermore, in order to examine if the expression of nesfatin-1/NUCB2 mRNA in the testis and epididymis were affected by gonadotropin, its mRNA expression was analyzed after PMSG administration into mice. NUCB2 mRNA expression levels were increased in both of the testis and epididymis after PMSG administration. These results demonstrated for the first time that nesfatin-1 and its binding site were expressed in the mouse testis and epididymis. In addition, nesfatin-1/NUCB2 mRNA expression was controlled by gonadotropin, suggesting a possible role of nesfatin-1 in the male reproductive organs as a local regulator. Due to this, further study is needed to elucidate the functions of nesfatin-1 on the male reproductive system.

Spermatogenesis and taxonomic values of mature sperm morphology of in male Septifer (Mytilisepta) virgatus were investigated by transmission electron microscope observations. The morphologies of the sperm nucleus and the acrosome of this species are the cylinder shape and cone shape, respectively. Spermatozoa are approximately 45-50 in length including a sperm nucleus (about 1.26 long), an acrosome (about 0.99 long), and tail flagellum (about 45-47 ). Several electron-dense proacrosomal vesicles become later the definitive acrosomal vesicle by the fusion of several Golgi-derived vesicles. The acrosome of this species has two regions of differing electron density: there is a thin, outer electron-dense opaque region (part) at the anterior end, behind which is a thicker, more electron-lucent region (part). In genus Septifer in Mytilidae, an axial rod does not find and also a mid-central line hole does not appear in the sperm nucleus. However, in genus Mytilus in Mytilidae, in subclass Pteriomorphia, an axial rod and a mid-central line hole appeared in the sperm nucleus. These morphological differences of the acrosome and sperm nucleus between the genuses Septifer and Mytilus can be used for phylogenetic and taxonomic analyses as a taxonomic key or a significant tool. The number of mitochondria in the midpiece of the sperm of this species are five, as seen in subclass Pteriomorphia.