Mitochondria are essential organelles of eukaryotic cells and plant cells contain varying numbers of mitochondrial genome sequences. Sizes and shapes of mitochondria differ within a tissue or in the same cells. Previously sequenced complete mitochondrial genome (NC_016118) of Brassica oleracea size was 360,271 bp, where segmental duplication (repeat block) was 141,800 bp. In this study, we resequenced this whole mitochondrial genome by using WGS (whole genome sequencing) and assembled organelles genome method (unpublished). Newly sequenced mitochondrial genome length was 219,975 bp and circle form. A new sequence segment of approximately 4,800 bp was obtained compared to the previous genome sequence without any large repeat block. Newly obtained mitochondria genome sequence was compared with recently reported mitochondria genome sequences of various species (B. oleracea, B. juncea, B. rapa, B. napus and B. carinata) and subspecies (cabbage, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, kohlrabi, broccoli and kale) by PCR using primers specifying different region of genome sequences. PCR analysis results have also confirmed the variation between previous and newly sequenced mitochondrial genome circles form. Thus, the results suggest new B. oleracea mitotype, including evolutionary events such as inheritance, rearrangement, genome compaction, and diversity

Fermented soybean food is one of most economical and health food due to its valuable nutritional and medicinal attributes and have been consumed for centuries as flavoring ingredient in Korea. On fermented soybean food such as doenjang, aroma compounds are important property because they determine taste and grade of fermentation. This study investigated variety of aroma compounds of doenjang made from different soybean genotypes. Aroma compounds in twelve different doenjang made from two cultivar (Daewon and Taekwang) and ten elite lines were extracted by steam distillation extraction (SDE) method and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Aroma compound were detected over 80 kinds in eight samples (Daewon, Taekwang, MY177, MY187, MY189, MY192, MY204 and MY205) and under 70 kinds in four samples (yeonchun1, MY188, MY203 and MY206). Among the detected aroma components, 47 compounds were assigned as aromatic compounds (21), long chain fatty acid (13), short chain fatty acid (5) and others (8) by the computer library (Wiley 7n program). The major aroma compounds in twelve different doenjang were benzaldehyde, benzeneacetaldehyde, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, pyrazine type compounds, cysteaminesulfonic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid. Each doenjang made by same condition (microbe, temperature, aging time and etc) had a difference in ratio and variety of aroma compounds due to different components having soybean genotype.

Most soybean cultivars have ovate leaflets, although a few cultivars have narrow or lanceolate leaflets. Narrow leaflet cultivars tend to have more seeds produced per pod than ovate leaflet cultivars, suggesting that the narrow leaflet trait is tightly linked to or cosegregating with the trait controlling number of seeds produced per pod (nspp). The objective of this study was to construct a high resolution map of a chromosomal region controlling narrow leaflet trait and nspp in soybean. A BC3F2 population from a cross between 'Sowonkong' and 'V94-5152' was used. Sowonkong have narrow leaflet and 4-seeded pod and V94-5152 have ovate leaflet and do not have 4-seeded pod. The plants of F2 populations showed a segregation ratio of 3:1 of ovate leaflet to narrow leaflet and then leaflet genotypes were obtained from F2:3 population of each F2 individual. The narrow leaflet-containing plants showed Sowonkong-like pod trait and the ovate leaflet-containing plants V94-5152-like pod trait. The results suggested that, in our mapping population, a single gene controls inheritance of the narrow leaflet character and the narrow leaflet trait is tightly linked to or co-segregating with the trait controlling nspp. Subsequently, we mapped the narrow leaflet locus near Sat_105, Satt270 and SM315 on soybean linkage group I that corresponds with the previously known ln locus. Work is ongoing to construct a fine molecular genetic linkage map on this MLG I region and to find a linkage relationship between ln and nspp. Our results should facilitate further elucidation for the relationship between ln/nspp and yield.

Proanthocyanidins and anthocyanins derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway most likely play a protective function from pathogens and UV light exposure within the plant and, in addition, act as signal molecules in plant-microbe interactions. The metabolites are now attracting attention because of the medicinal and nutritional values due to their antioxidant properties and flavors. Three independent loci (I, R, and T) control pigmentation of the seed coats determined by proanthocyanidins and anthocyanins in soybean (Glycine max). The I locus controls distribution of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin pigments, which in its dominant form exhibits homology-dependent gene silencing leading to a yellowish seed coat. The R and T genes determine the anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin products and specific seed coat color such as black, imperfect black, brown, or buff. The I and T loci have been cloned. The objectives of this study were to develop PCR-based molecular markers cosegregating with the genetic loci controlling the biosynthesis of these interesting metabolites using public soybean EST and genomic sequence data and is to develop molecular markers to establish a marker-assisted selection scheme for these natural products-related traits. A population of 112 F11 recombinant inbred lines generated by an interspecific cross between a Glycine max line 'Hwangkeumkong' and a G. soja Siebold & Zucc. line ‘IT182932' was used to construct a frame map consisting of 20 soybean linkage groups. The frame map contains over 300 SSR, RAPD and transposon markers. PCR-based molecular markers cosegregating with the I and T loci that control pigmentation of the seed coats determined by secondary metabolites derived from the flavonoid pathway including anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins in soybean have been developed. We have developed three SSR cosegregating with the I locus and one codominant STS and one SNP markers cosegregating with the T locus. So far, we have developed SSR, SNP, and STS markers cosegregating with the I locus and with the T locus. Work is in progress to develop markers cosegregating with other genetic loci. The markers will facilitate markers-assisted selection of seed coat colors in molecular breeding programs.