Temperature, humidity, photoperiod, and illumination suitable for hatching of Locusta migratoria were investigated. Among four temperatures of 20℃, 25℃, 27℃, 30℃, and 33℃, 33℃ showed the highest hatching rate as 85.6±10.0%, and 30℃(63.2±24.9%), 27℃(42.5±9.6%), in the following order. The hatching rate in 20℃ and 25℃ was 0.0%, respectively. The longer hatching days were accompanied by the lower temperature. In humidity of 50%, 65%, 80%, 65% was the best hatching rate as 86.4±3.8% and 80% (81.6±15.4%), 50% (71.9±14.9%) in the following order. But there was no statistical significance. In three photoperiods of 9L/15D, 12L/12D, 15L/9D, 9L/15D was the best hatching rate as 81.2% and 12L/12D (80.0%), 15L/9D (72.6%) in the following order. In illuminations, 3,500 lux showed the highest hatching rate as 76.1% and 1,800 (61.9%), 600 lux (47.5%) in the following order among illuminations of 600, 1,800, and 3,500. In conclusion, the most suitable temperature, hunidity, photoperiod, and illumination of the hatching of Locusta migratoria were turned out as 33℃, 65%, 9L/15D, and 3,500 lux.

We investigated the sexual maturity time of B. ignitus. In investigating ovary development, the time of sexual maturity of queen was 10 days after eclosion. In case of male, the number of sperm was 246 thousand at immediately after eclosion, and was highest as 480 thousand at 9 days, and tended to show a dramatic decline at 35 days (87 thousand). In consideration of number of sperms, the time of sexual maturity of male was 3-15 days after eclosion. In the sexual maturity time of queen in mating, the queen was not mated at immediately after eclosion, and showed a decrease in 20 days. On the other hand, the male showed 3.3% of mating at immediately after ecolosion, showed the highest of 43.3% at 6 days after eclosion, and tended to decrease in 25 days. In summary, sexual maturity time of B. ignitus in reproductive organs and mating is most favorable in 9-12 days after eclosion for queen and 6-9 days for male.

We investigated the effects of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colony size on the pollination of greenhouse-cultivated watermelon grown under the forcing cultivation system. The highest pollination activity of bees was observed (14.3 ± 5.0 honey bees/day) when the bee colony size was 10,000 honey bees, followed by 7,500 and 5,000 honey bees. There was a positive correlation between the bee colony size and pollination activity (R = 0.262). There was no significant difference in the fruit set with different honey bee colony sizes (88%–91%). However, the larger the bee colony size, the higher the number of seeds fertilized and the rate of seed fertilization (p > 0.05). The number of seeds and the content of sugar were negatively correlated (R = -0.714). Overall, we found that a colony size of 5,000 honey bees was the most effective for the pollination of watermelon grown under forcing cultivation.

아메리카왕거저리(Zophobas atratus)는 대형 거저리류로, 영양적 가치가 높아서 현재는 식용, 사료용 곤충으로 활용하고자 연구가 진행 중이다. 아메리카왕거저리의 산란율 향상을 위해서 산란에 적합한 광주기 조건을 조사하였다. 9L/15D, 12L/12D, 15L/9D (암수비율 1:2, 온도 30 ℃, 습도 65% RH, 조도 1800 lux) 의 광조건 하에서 산란수 조사 결과, 아메리카왕거저리의 산란수은 약 5주간은 증가하다가 이후 서서히 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 아메리카왕거저리 1마리의 일일 평균 산란수은 15L/9D가 22.9±6.5개로 가장 높았고, 그 다음이 9L/15D 16.8±8.5개, 12L/12D 7.5±4.6개 순이었다. 누적 산란수(15주) 역시 15L/9D가 291.1±120.2개로 가장 높았고, 그 다음이 9L/15D 200.9±111.3개, 12L/12D 87.7±64.1개 순이었다. 그러나 폐사율은 9L/15D가 53.3%로 가장 높았고, 그 다음이 12L/12D 50.0%, 15L/9D 43.3% 순이었다. 이런 결과로 볼 때 아메리카왕거저리의 산란에 적합한 광주기는 15L/9D로 판단된다.

화분매개곤충인 호박벌(B. ignitus)의 교미율을 높이기 위하여 생식기관 발육과 교미에 의한 성적 성숙시기를 조사하였다. 난소 소관 당 알 수와 수정낭 크기 등 난소 발육으로 볼 때, 여왕벌의 성적 성숙시기는 우화 10일 이내이었다. 수벌의 정자수는 우화당일에 24.6만개이었고, 우화 9일째가 48.0만개 정도로 가장 많았으며, 우화 35일(8.7만개) 이후 정자수가 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 또한 교미횟수가 증가함에 따라 정자수가 줄어드는 것을 알 수 있었다. 수벌의 정자수에 의한 성적 성숙시기는 우화 3~15일이었다. 교미에 의한 성적 성숙시기 조사결과, 여왕벌은 우화직 후에는 전혀 교미를 하지 않았으며, 우화 20일 이후에는 교미율이 떨어지는 경향을 보였다. 교미율과 산란율 등으로 볼 때 여왕벌의 교미에 적합 한 시기는 우화 9~20일이었다. 반면에 수벌은 우화 직후에도 3.3% 교미하였으며, 우화 6일째가 43.3%로 가장 높았으며, 우화 25일 이후부터는 감소하는 경향이었다. 교미율과 산란율 등으로 볼 때, 수벌의 교미 성숙시기는 우화 6~20일이었다. 이상의 생식기관 발육과 교미에 의한 봉세발 달 등으로 볼 때 호박벌 여왕벌의 최적 성적 성숙시기는 우화 9~12일, 수벌은 우화 6~9일로 판단된다.

We have investigated the most suitable photoperiods for development of Zophobas atratus, super mealworm. The test was conducted with three different photoperiods of 9L/15D, 12L/12D and 15L/9D. The rearing conditions were 30℃, 65% R.H and 1,330 to 1,800 lux with wheat bran. In developmental period of 1 to 15 instars of three photoperiods, 12L/12D showed the shortest developmental period as 79.2±2.6 days, and 9L/15D (82.6±3.1 days), 15L/9D (84.2±2.3 days) in the following order. larval developmental period was statistical significant difference. The death rate was not statistically different. In the body weight, 12L/12D showed the heaviest body weight and 15L/9D, 9L/15D in the following order. But there was no significant difference at body weight. The head capsule, body capsule and body length also showed a similar tendency with body weight. The 79.6% of prepupa time of super mealworm was 15-17 instars. The longer prepupa time was accompanied by the lower daylength condition. In average prepupal period of 15-20 instars, 9L/15D was 17.7±2.5 days, 18.4±2.5 days in 12L/12D, 16.2±3.7 days in 15L/9D. The average of pupal period of female and male was 9.0±1.1 days and 9.6±1.3 days, respectively. In conclusion, the most suitable rearing photoperiod of super mealwarm was turned out as 12L/12D

We have investigated the developmental characteristics of super mealworm on different temperatures. The test was conducted with four different temperatures of 25℃, 27℃, 30℃, and 33℃. In developmental period of 1 to 18 instars of four temperatures, 30℃ showed the shortest developmental period as 120.0±5.8 days, and 33℃ (132.6±10.7 days), 27℃ (136.5±9.2 days), 25℃ (156.7±7.5 days) in the following order. The death rate of 33℃ larvae was 2.7- 3.3 times higher than that of other temperatures. The lower temperatures tended to show the longer larval developmental period except 33℃. In the body weight, 30℃ showed the heaviest body weight and 27℃, 33℃, 25℃ in the following order. The head capsule, body capsule and body length also showed a similar tendency with body weight. The 88.8% of prepupa time of super mealworm was 16-18 instars. The longer prepupa time was accompanied by the lower temperature. In average prepupal period of 15-18 instars, 27℃ was 18.8±1.9 days, 18.8±2.3 days in 30℃, 23.0±2.4 days in 33℃, 23.1±2.9 days in 25℃. The average of pupal period of female and male in 25℃- 33℃ was 11.1±2.2 days and 11.6±2.4 days, respectively. In conclusion, the most suitable rearing temperature of super mealwarm was turned out as 30℃.

To investigate the effectiveness of ventilation in bumblebee colony, we ventilated bumblebee(bombus terrestris) colonies using PC cooling fan to replace the fanning behavior of bumblebees, unventilated colonies were used as controls. The temperature of the colonies that were ventilated using the cooler fan was 3 ℃ lower than the control colonies, and the rate of fanning behavior were 9 times lower in ventilated colonies than in the control colonies. Foraging activity and survival rates of worker bees in ventilated colonies doubled compared to the control colonies. Rates of seed set per flower and number of seeds set by bees in the ventilated colonies was 12 % and –15 % and 1.1 and –1.4 times higher pollination, respectively, than for the control colonies. We conclude that installing a ventilation device on the colony box can improve the internal environment of bumblebee colonies at high temperatures through ventilation and that this is a good option to increase pollination effectiveness for the crops in high temperature greenhouse conditions.

We compared the fruit set and the quality of the Asian pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai cv. Niitaka) among flowers pollinated by insect pollinators such as the honeybee(Apis mellifera) and bumblebee(Bombus terrestris) and pollinated artificial. The hand pollination rate was 1.3 times higher than bumblebee and 1.9 times higher than the honeybee pollination rate. Moreover, the artificially pollinated flowers produced fruit that was 5 to 10% higher in weight, 2 to 3% larger in size, and had a higher fruit shape index(L/D) than pollinated by the insect pollinators. On economic analysis, net profit from insect pollinator was 93.5 to 97.1% of net profit from hand pollination. Therefore, artificial pollination is more efficient than insect pollination in 'Niitaka' pear. However, regarding fruit quality and net profit, these results suggest that bee pollinator can be an good alternative to hand pollination in pear cv. Niitaka.

메뚜기목 메뚜기과에 속하는 풀무치(Locusta migratoria)는 강한 집단행동 습성과 다양한 먹이식물에 대한 높은 유연성을 가진 대형 메뚜기이다. 이런 풀무치를 실내에서 사육하기에 가장 적합한 온도를 조사하였다. 실험온도는 25℃, 27℃, 30℃, 33℃ 등 4개구로 설정하였고, 12L/12D, 65% RH, 1,000 lux 이상의 사육조건하에서 밀을 먹이로 실험하였다. 풀무치의 영별 발육특성을 조사한 결과, 1령-5령 약충까지의 발육기간은 30℃가 26.4±2.0일로 25℃ (46.9±1.9일)보다 약 1.8배, 27℃(31.8±2.5일)와 33℃(30.7±2.6일)보다는 약 1.2배 단축되었다. 약충의 체중, 두폭, 체폭, 체장 등 발육 특성은 30℃가 가장 좋았고 그 다음은 33℃, 27℃, 25℃순이었다. 성충의 교미는 주로 09-10시와 13-14시에 가장 많이 이루어졌다. 우화-교미까지의 일수는 30℃가 10.2±1.5일로 25℃(23.8±13.7일), 27℃(19.3±10.2일), 33℃(12.0±7.3일)보다 약 1.8일-13.6일 빨랐다. 포토 당 산란된 난괴의 수는 평균 1.1개로 나타났다. 이상의 결과들로 볼 때 풀무치를 사육하기에 가장 적합한 온도는 30℃인 것으로 판단된다.

생대추가 신소득 작목으로 부각되면서 재배지가 확대되고 있으나 우리나라 장마기와 최근 이상기후로 인해 대추 수분·수정 및 착과에 문제 가 발생하고 있는 실정이다. 이에 생대추 재배를 위해 도입된 비가림하우스에서 서양종 꿀벌과 서양뒤영벌을 이용하여 화분매개곤충의 활동 특성 과 착과 효율에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 구명하고자 본 시험을 수행하였다. 대추 복조 품종을 대상으로 비가림하우스에 망실을 씌워 서양종 꿀벌 과 서양뒤영벌을 2016년 6월 1일부터 7월 25일까지 약 55일정도 방사하였다. 서양종 꿀벌은 주로 오후에 활동이 많았으나 서양뒤영벌의 활동은 시간에 관계없이 다소 균일하였다. 대추 신초 가지의 착과율을 조사한 결과 방화곤충을 차단한 무처리 5.5% 대비 서양종 꿀벌은 10.2%, 서양뒤 영벌은 8.9%로 대추 비가림하우스내 화분매개곤충 활용시 착과량 증진으로 농가 소득증대에 기여할 것으로 생각된다.

We investigated pollination properties of bumblebees in a high temperature condition i. e. a greenhouse where onions(Aliumcepa) were cultivated. Foraging activity of bumblebee workers decreased at temperature over 33 ℃ and was negativelycorrelated with colony temperature. Fanning behavior was observed at temperature over 30 ℃ and was positively correlatedwith colony temperature. There was negative correlation between the number of bees fanning and bees foraging. We expectedthat foraging activity would be affected by colony temperature and fanning behavior. The temperature of the coloniesthat were ventilated using the cooler fan was 3 ℃ lower than the control colonies, and the rate of fanning behaviorwere 9 times lower in ventilated colonies than in the control colonies. Foraging activity and survival rates of workerbees in ventilated colonies doubled compared to the control colonies

We have surveyed the current status of insect pollinator use for horticultural crops in 2016. The use rate and farmnumber of insect pollinators for 26 horticultural crops were 25.8% and 55,208, respectively. The colony number of insectpollinators used in this survey was 479,777, which include 344,690 for honeybees, 119,104 for bumblebees, 2,415 formason bees, 1,317 for flies, and 2,415 for the combination of bumblebees, honeybees, and mason bees. The use rateof insect pollinators was 59.4% for 11 vegetable crops and the colony number of insect pollinators used for 11 vegetablecrops was 449,287. The colony number of insect pollinators used for 15 fruit tree crops was 30,290, which include honeybees(66.3%), bumblebees (20.2%), mason bees (8.0%), flies (1.6%), and the combination (3.9%) of bumblebees, honeybees,and mason bees. Together, farms of 98% showed positive effect for the use of insect pollinators and most of farms (97.0%)planed for the continuous use of insect pollinators