The aim of this study was to evaluate light emitting diodes (LEDs) as the potential attractants against Spodoptera exigua on various wavelengths, light intensity and light duration, and compared to that of commercial control, flourescent lamp. The phototactic response to S. exigua was tested by single and complex wavelengths. The single wavelengths were composed as follows: blue (470 nm), green (520 nm), yellow (590 nm) and red (625 nm). The complex wavelengths was combined with two single wavelengths, such as blue-green, blue-yellow, blue-red, green-yellow, green-red and yellow-red. When the optimal light condition was investigated, the all light treatments attracted the highest number of S. exigua at 40 lux intensity and 60 min duration. Based on the single wavelengths under optimal light condition, the green LED exhibited the highest attraction rate (88.9%), followed by blue (81.1%), yellow (63.3%) and red (56.7%), respectively. In case of complex wavelengths under same conditions, the bluegreen complex (93.3%) had the significantly highest attractive activity, whereas blue-yellow, blue-red, green-yellow, green-red and yellow-red wavelengths were slightly decreased in comparison with single wavelengths. These data clearly show that blue-green complex had the greatest attraction against S. exigua.

Sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, is one of the most common and critical green house pests in the world. The object of this study was to evaluate the attraction effect of various colored high power light emitting diodes (HPLEDs) against B. tabaci. These insects with diverse HPLEDs were examined by LED equipped chamber in the dark room at 27±0.5℃ and 60±5% relative humidity. Evaluated light-sources were blue (470±10 nm), green (520±5 nm), yellow (590±5 nm) and red (625±10 nm) HPLEDs, and tested with various illuminance intensity at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 lux. Base on the attraction rates, the green (94.4%) HPLED was the most effective against B. tabaci, followed by yellow (78.9%), blue (71.1%) and red (60%) HPLEDs. Furthermore, these data show that both the 80 lux intensity and 40 min light-exposure time using the green HPLED was the most suitable for attraction of B. tabaci. Putting all results, our data will provide the useful information for eco-friendly pest control against B. tabaci.

The working mechanism of bisphosphonate on bone cells is unclear despite its powerful inhibitory activity on bone resorption. The differentiation and activation of osteoclasts are essential for bone resorption and are controlled by the stimulatory RANKL and inhibitory OPG molecules. Teeth exhibit a range of movement patterns during their eruption to establish their form and function, which inevitably accompanies peripheral bone resorption. Hence, the mandible, which contains the teeth during their eruption processes, is a good model for revealing the inhibitory mechanism of bisphosphonate upon bone resorption. In the present study, RANKL and OPG expression were examined immunohistochemically in the mandible of rats with developing teeth after alendronate administration (2.5 mg/kg). The preeruptive mandibular first molars at postnatal days 3 to 10 showed the developing stages from bell to crown. No morphological changes in tooth formation were observed after alendronate administration. The number of osteoclasts in the alveolar bone around the developing teeth decreased markedly at postnatal days 3, 7 and 10 compared with the control group. RANKL induced strong positive immunohistochemical reactions in the dental follicles and stromal cells around the mandibular first molar. In particular, many osteoclasts with strongly positive reactions to RANKL appeared above the developing mandibular first molars at postnatal days 3 and 10. Immunohistochemical reactions with RANKL after alendronate administration were weaker than the control groups. However, the immunohistochemical reactivity to OPG was stronger after alendronate administration, at postnatal days 3 and 10. These results suggest that alendronate may decrease bone resorption by regulating the RANKL/OPG pathway in the process of osteoclast formation, resulting in a delay in tooth eruption.

This study presented a development of a phototactic chamber used for pest monitoring. The chamber was constructed by opaque acrylic body. Transparent acrylic wall of the chamber for light-exposure were fitted at both side end parts of the inside chamber. Side parts of the outside chamber were made of removable cover in combination with the air circulation system and light source such as LED or fluorescent. The insect entrance holes was positioned at the center part of the chamber to efficiently dispersed pests, and then nylon net was equipped inside the chamber to prevent the escape of inserted pests. Two opaque partition walls of the inside chamber were made of the movable plate, in order to the control of the light-exposure and the response termination. We also carried out behavioral experiment against various pest species by using the phototactic chamber. Consequently, the phototactic chamber was confirmed suitable result of behavioral experiment. Therefore, we believed that the test chamber help to understand the phototactic responses of various pests.

To response evaluation of high power light emitting diodes (HPLEDs) as potential attractants to the Spodoptera exigua adults, we investigated the attractiveness of specific wavelength, illuminance intensity and light-exposure time, and compared them to the fluorescent. The all light treatments with the 40 lux intensity attracted the significantly highest number of S. exigua. The optimal light-exposure time exhibited the highest attraction rate at the 60 min. When the attraction and repellent rate in the optimal conditions to the S. exigua was surveyed, the white HPLED exhibited the highest attraction rate (91.1%), whereas the red HPLED exhibited the most repellent rate (33.3%). When evatuated of illuminance efficiency with fluorescent as control, white and red HPLED were found to be 9.14 and 10.34 times more efficient than fluorescent. These data clearly show that both the 40 lux intensity and the 60 min light-exposure time by using the white HPLED was the most suitable for attraction of the S. exigua.

As model waterborne acrylic coatings, mono-dispersed poly(butyl acrylate-methyl methacrylate) copolymer latexes of random copolymer and core/shell type graft copolymer were prepared by seeded multi-staged emulsion polymerization with particle size of 180~200 nm using semi-batch type process. Sodium lauryl sulfate and potassium persulfate were used as an emulsifier and an initiator, respectively. The effect of particle texture including core/shell phase ratio, glass transition temperature and crosslinking density, and film forming temperature on the film formation and final properties of film was investigated using SEM, AFM, and UV in this study. The film formation behavior of model latex was traced simultaneously by the weight loss measurement and by the change of tensile properties and UV transmittance during the entire course of film formation. It was found that the increased glass transition temperature and higher crosslinking degree of latex resulted in the delay of the onset of coalescence of particles by interdiffusion during film forming process. This can be explained qualitatively in terms of diffusion rate of polymer chains. However, the change of weight loss during film formation was insensitive to discern each film forming stages-I, II and III.

경로 탐색은 인공지능의 매우 중요한 요소 중의 하나이며, 여러 분야에서 두루 쓰이는 과정이다. 경로 탐색은 매우 많은 연산이 필요하기 때문에 성능에 매우 중대한 영향을 미친다. 이를 해결하기 위해서 연산량을 줄이는 방식의 연구가 많이 진행되었고, 대표적으로 A* 알고리즘이 있으나 불필요한 연산이 있어 효율성이 떨어진다. 본 논문에서는 A* 알고리즘 중 연산 비용이 높은 노드 탐색 수 등 연산량을 줄이기 위해서 가중치 기반의 선수행 A* 알고리즘을 새롭게 제안한다. 제안한 알고리즘의 효율성을 측정하기 위해 시뮬레이션을 구현하였으며, 실험 결과 가중치를 이용하는 방법이 일반적인 방법보다 약 1～2배 높은 효율을 보였다.