목적 : 본 연구에서는 회절격자가 광원의 깊이에 따라 회절영상을 주기적으로 생성하는 광학적 특성을 이용하여 중간 범위의 깊이를 측정할 수 있는 시스템을 연구하였다. 방법 : 첫 번째로 회절격자 영상시스템을 기하광학적으로 분석합니다. 두 번째로 회절격자의 주기적인 결상특성 을 파동광학적으로 분석하였다. 세 번째로 주기적인 함수사이의 콘볼루션 특성을 이용하여 깊이에 대응하는 공간주 기를 도출하였다. 네 번째로 1 m에서 4 m까지 1 m마다 타켓을 설치한후 회절격자, 카메라, 레이저로 구성된 회절 격자 영상시스템을 이용하여 회절영상을 획득하는 광학실험을 수행하였다. 다섯 번째로 첫 번째 과정에서 세 번째 과정까지 수행한 이론적 분석을 네 번째 과정에서 획득된 회절영상에 적용하여 깊이측정을 수행하였다. 마지막으로 결과 분석을 통해 시스템의 깊이해상도를 도출하였다. 결과 : 깊이 측정 실험을 수행하였고 제안된 방법의 타당성을 검증하였다. 회절영상배열의 공간주기는 타겟물체 와 회절격자사이의 거리가 멀어질수록 증가한다, 그러나 그 증가하는 비율은 물체거리에 반비례하였다. 결론 : 회절격자의 특성을 응용한 깊이 측정 시스템을 제안하였으며 이론분석과 광학실험을 통해 타당성을 검증 하였다.

본 연구는 기능성 화장품 소재 개발을 목표로 효모 유래 MPC의 세포 생리활성을 조사하였 다. 피부 세포주에 처리된 Cu와 Zn 이온 모두 세포 독성이 확인되었지만, 정제된 MPC는 결합된 금속 이온의 세포 독성을 획기적으로 제거하였다. 게다가 특정 농도의 MPC는 대조군과 비교하여 세포 생존 율을 오히려 약 20% 증가시켰다. MPC 중 효모 펩타이드-Cu(YP-Cu)는 UVB 자극으로 유도되는 세포 내 활성산소의 양을 약 30% 정도 유의하게 감소시켰지만, YP-Zn은 영향을 미치지 못했다. 또한, YP-Cu 처리는 피부 세포에서 콜라겐 유전자의 발현량을 2배 증가시켰고, 프로콜라겐 분비량은 1.7배 증 가시켰으며, UVB 자극에 의한 콜라겐 유전자의 발현 저해에도 효과적으로 대응했다. 결론적으로, 유리 금속 이온 자체는 세포독성 효과로 인해 화장품 소재에 적합하지 않지만, 정제된 MPC, 특히 YP-Cu는 이러한 금속 이온의 독성을 효과적으로 상쇄하고 세포 생존율을 향상시킬 뿐만 아니라, UVB 자극에 따 른 유해 효과를 완화하기 때문에 잠재적 기능성 화장품 소재로 사용될 수 있다.

The purpose of this study is to examine the psychological impact of stroke, particularly post-stroke depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairment, while emphasizing the need for early intervention and personalized care to improve long-term outcomes for survivors. It explores the prevalence of these conditions, which are often underrecognized, and the varying effectiveness of intervention strategies such as pharmacological treatments, psychotherapy, and multidisciplinary rehabilitation. The findings reveal that neurological damage significantly affects mental health, complicating recovery, but highlight that early, individualized care plans tailored to patient needs can improve outcomes. The review underscores the importance of integrating mental health support into stroke rehabilitation to enhance recovery and calls for future research to address gaps in mental health care within these frameworks, advocating for a holistic, multidisciplinary approach to better support stroke survivors and their families.

Additive manufacturing makes it possible to improve the mechanical properties of alloys through segregation engineering of specific alloying elements into the dislocation cell structure. In this study, we investigated the mechanical and microstructural characteristics of CoNi-based medium-entropy alloys (MEAs), including the refractory alloying element Mo with a large atomic radius, manufactured via laser-powder bed fusion (L-PBF). In an analysis of the printability depending on the processing parameters, we achieved a high compressive yield strength up to 653 MPa in L-PBF for (CoNi)85Mo15 MEAs. However, severe residual stress remained at high-angle grain boundaries, and a brittle μ phase was precipitated at Mo-segregated dislocation cells. These resulted in hot-cracking behaviors in (CoNi)85Mo15 MEAs during L-PBF. These findings highlight the need for further research to adjust the Mo content and processing techniques to mitigate cracking behaviors in L-PBF-manufactured (CoNi)85Mo15 MEAs.

Background: This study was conducted to increase meat production by 30% compared to the present by selecting a giant cow over 1,000 kg and applying biotechnologies. Methods: After OPU from 1,100 kg of giant cow, the calves were produced in Hanwoo surrogate mothers. Among 23 calves six male heads were selected, three heads of them were chosen as candidate sires, and the rest three heads were raised for 30 months for performance test. The semen of three candidate sires from the age of 22 months were collected and frozen, and the calves were produced by artificial insemination. The calf was raised to the age of 30 to 33 months and performed a progeny test. Results: The average birth weight of 23 calves born by transferring giant cow-derived embryos was 42.8 kg, and the average weight of carcass from three bulls was 615.3 kg in the performance test. In the progeny test, the average birth weight of calves born after artificial insemination of semen from giant cow-derived candidate sires was 41 kg, and the average weight of carcass after raised to the age of 30 to 33 months was 562.7 kg. As a result of performance and progeny tests, it is 148 and 96 kg higher in giant cow-derived beef cattle than the average carcass (467 kg) from general Hanwoo cattle, respectively. Conclusions: This study will have laid a great foundation for the future improvement of the Korean beef industry.

The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a zoonotic pathogen that affects the nervous systems of humans, pigs, and horses. It has been classified into five genotypes (G1-G5) based on molecular analysis of the pre-membrane or envelope gene. In the Republic of Korea, the predominant JEV genotype has recently shifted from G3 to G1 and G5, highlighting the need for a rapid and accurate diagnostic method. In this study, we designed specific common and differential primer sets for JEV G1, G3, and G5 to detect the JEV gene. Four specific primer sets for JEV G1, G3, and G5 were used to selectively amplify the target gene. The detection limits of the common primer set for JEV G1, G3, and G5 were 100, 0.1, and 10 TCID50/reaction, respectively. The detection limits of the three differential primer sets were 1, 0.1, and 1 TCID50/reaction, respectively. No cross-reactivity was observed with non-JEV reference viruses. We successfully developed a multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay to distinguish the three JEV genotypes. Our multiplex RT-PCR assay is highly sensitive and specific, providing a reliable tool for confirming JEV infection in suspected samples. Additionally, our assay can be applied to suspected mosquito samples and commercial veterinary biological products.

Following the previous study, which investigated the pharmacological properties of the Technekitty injection (Tc-99m), the toxicity of a single intravenous administration of the Technekitty injection (Tc-99m) and the side effects that may occur at the diagnostic dose were confirmed. The Technekitty injection (Tc-99m) was administered intravenously once at a dose of 0, 0.67, 2.0, and 6.0 mCi/kg to 5 male and female rats per group. Mortality, general symptom observation, and weight measurement were performed for 2 weeks, followed by observation of autopsy findings. There were no deaths, and no statistically significant weight change was observed. No abnormal systemic signs related to the Technekitty injection (Tc-99m) were observed. These results confirmed that Technekitty injection (Tc-99m) can be safely administered intravenously at doses up to 6.0 mCi/kg. Additionally, technetium-99m at an average dose of 2 mCi (74 MBq) has been verified as a diagnostic dose without adverse effects, allowing the Technekitty injection (Tc-99m) to be used safely without side effects at this dosage. This study demonstrates that the Technekitty injection (Tc-99m) has a wide safety margin, supporting its potential for clinical application. Moreover, these findings align with the nonclinical safety standards for radiopharmaceuticals, reinforcing its utility in veterinary medicine. The Technekitty injection (Tc-99m) is expected to be applicable for clinical diagnosis as a veterinary drug in Korea.

Thyroid scanning using technetium-99m (99mTc) is the gold standard for diagnosing feline hyperthyroidism. In cats with an overactive thyroid, a thyroid scan is the most appropriate imaging technique to detect and localize any hyperfunctional adenomatous thyroid tissue. In this study, the pharmacological properties of the Technekitty injection (Tc-99m), developed as a diagnostic agent for feline hyperthyroidism using 99mTc as an active ingredient, were tested in FRTL-5 thyroid follicular cell line and ICR mice. The percentage of cell uptake of the Tc-99m in FRTL-5 thyroid cells was 0.182 ± 0.018%, which was about 6 times higher compared to Clone 9 hepatocytes. This uptake decreased by 38.2% due to competitive inhibition by iodine (sodium iodide). In tissue distribution tests by using ICR mice, the highest distribution was observed in the liver, kidneys, spleen, lungs, and femur at 0.083 hours after administration, and this distribution decreased as the compound was excreted through the kidneys, the primary excretory organ. Maximum distribution was confirmed at 1 hour in the small intestine, 6 hours in the large intestine, and 2 hours in the thyroid gland. Additionally, the total amount excreted through urine and feces over 48 hours (2 days) was 78.80% of the injected dose, with 37.70% (47.84% of the total excretion) excreted through urine and 41.10% (52.16% of the total excretion) through feces. In conclusion, the Tc-99m has the same mechanism of action, potency, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion characteristics as 99mTc used for feline hyperthyroidism in the United States, Europe, and other countries, because the Technekitty injection (Tc-99m) contains 99mTc as its sole active ingredient. Based on these results, the Technekitty injection (Tc-99m) is expected to be safely used in the clinical diagnosis of feline hyperthyroidism.

The oral microbiome plays a vital role in maintaining oral and overall health and affects immune responses, digestion, and pathogen suppression. While most studies focus on age groups prone to specific conditions, such as dental caries in children or periodontal disease in older adults, limited data exist on preschool-aged children and young adults. This study investigates the composition and diversity of the oral microbiome between these age groups for enhanced understanding of a healthy oral microbiome. Microbial samples from the supragingival regions of 41 children and 31 young adults in Korea were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Alpha and beta diversity were assessed, and linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) identified taxa with significant differences in abundance between the groups. No significant differences in alpha diversity were observed between children and young adults however, beta diversity analysis revealed notably compositional differences. At the phylum level, Firmicutes were more abundant in children, whereas Actinobacteria were more prevalent in young adults. Genera such as Veillonella and Lautropia were more abundant among children, whereas Haemophilus and Rothia were more common among young adults. LEfSe analysis identified Veillonella rogosae and Lautropia mirabilis as more abundant in children, whereas Haemophilus parainfluenzae and Rothia dentocariosa were more prevalent in young adults. The observed differences suggest that children’s microbiomes are associated with biofilm development, while young adults’ microbiomes involve biofilm maturation and immune modulation. These findings highlight the age-related shift in oral microbiome composition, emphasizing the importance of monitoring these changes to support long-term oral health.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, caused by the accumulation of misfolded or unfolded proteins, activates the unfolded protein response to maintain cellular homeostasis and is implicated in bacterial infections. This study investigated ER stress activation in THP-1-derived macrophages infected with oral bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis , Prevotella intermedia , Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans , and Streptococcus oralis at an multiplicity of infection of 50 for 4 hours. mRNA and protein expressions related to ER stress were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, while pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured using enzymelinked immunosorbent assay. P. gingivalis induced the highest mRNA expression of XBP1 and PERK, whereas A. actinomycetemcomitans showed elevated GRP78, ATF6, IRE1α, ATF4, and CHOP. P. intermedia strongly expressed PERK, while S. oralis showed higher GRP78, PERK, ATF4, and CHOP expression. Protein analysis revealed S. oralis had the highest phosphorylation levels of eIF2α and IRE1α, while CHOP was most highly expressed in P. intermedia . Pro-inflammatory cytokine expression showed P. intermedia and P. gingivalis elicited the most TNF-α, while P. gingivalis induced the highest IL-1β levels. These findings suggest oral bacteria induce varying levels of ER stress, influencing the progression of oral infectious diseases. Targeting ER stress could offer therapeutic potential for managing inflammatory conditions like periodontitis.

This study investigates how adding cognitive stimulation to exercise impacts overall outcomes. Cognitive stimulation involves engaging mental processes like attention, memory, and problem-solving while being physically active. The intervention integrates activities that challenge mental functions into exercise routines. Existing research suggests that such interventions can improve various aspects of exercise performance, such as adherence, enjoyment, and perceived effort. Additionally, they may also lead to enhanced cognitive function and mental well-being, hinting at potential combined benefits of mental and physical activity. Understanding the effects of cognitive stimulation on exercise can help in developing more effective strategies for promoting both physical and cognitive health. In summary, physical exercise emerges as a powerful tool for enhancing cognitive stimulation and mental well-being. By making regular physical activity a habit, individuals can reap cognitive benefits alongside physical ones, underlining the importance of including exercise in daily routines for optimal cognitive function and overall health.

식품 포장 분야에서 바이오센서와 바이오폴리머 기반 나 노복합체, 즉 바이오나노복합체의 통합이 점차 산업 전문 가들에 의해 인식되고 있으며, 이는 식품의 품질과 안전 에 대한 우려가 증가함에 따라 주도되고 있습니다. 식품 포장에 내장된 바이오센서는 포장된 상품의 미생물에 의 한 변질을 지속적으로 모니터링함으로써 식품의 완전성을 유지하는 핵심 요소로 업계를 변화시킬 준비가 되어 있다. 동시에, 탁월한 기계적, 열적, 광학적, 항균적 특성으로 인 해 바이오폴리머 기반 나노복합체의 연구와 적용이 크게 확대되었다. 이러한 특성은 이들을 혁신적인 포장 솔루션 에 적합한 주요 재료로 만든다. 그러나 지능형 식품 포장 시스템 발전에 바이오센서와 바이오나노복합체를 사용하 는 잠재적인 장애물과 전망을 탐구하는 것은 아직 충분하 지 않다. 바이오나노복합체와 바이오센서의 융합을 제안 하는 것은 스마트 포장 산업을 재정의하는 획기적인 단계 로, 이 기술들을 더 깊이 이해하여 지속 가능하고 경제적 으로 실행 가능한 스마트 포장 옵션의 개발을 촉진할 필 요성을 강조한다. 이 리뷰는 바이오센서와 바이오나노복 합체에 대한 기존 연구와 개발 동향을 철저히 검토하고, 가까운 미래에 스마트 식품 포장 산업에서 진전을 이끌어 낼 앞으로의 도전과 기회를 강조하는 데 전념하고 있다.

In this study, we have determined mitochondrial genome of Matsucoccus thunbergianae isolated in Korea. The circular mitogenome of M. thunbergianae is 15,406 bp including 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and 22 transfer RNAs. AT ratio is 78.2%. Maximum-likelihood and Bayesian inference phylogenetic trees show that M. thunbergianae is clustered with M. matsumurae, and family Margarodidae is clustered with family Pseudococcidae with enough supportive values.