This study investigated the effects of processing three types of texts, namely expository texts, narrative texts, and a combination of both known as twin texts, on incidental vocabulary acquisition and retention in L2 learners. College freshmen (N = 109), who were lower to upper intermediate learners of English, were assigned into a control group and three experimental groups representing different reading conditions. Over a period of seven weeks, the experimental groups engaged in two reading sessions to read their assigned texts accompanied by output tasks and input enhancement. The participants’ receptive and productive vocabulary gains were measured with an immediate posttest and a delayed posttest to assess retention. Results revealed significant impacts of text genres on L2 incidental vocabulary learning and retention. Processing twin texts and expository texts yielded significantly greater vocabulary gains than processing narrative texts alone. These effects might be due to different processing mechanisms required for texts structured in distinct ways. Expository texts are informative and explanatory in nature, providing explicit and contextually rich information for word comprehension and retention.

The study examines the impact of organizational rewards, procedure justice, and perceived supervisor support on perceived organizational support, and examine the impact of perceived organizational support on affective commitment to the organization in the logistic enterprises as well. Quantitative research is applied to measure relationships by regression analysis with SPSS. The research data was collected by convenient method from 180 employees who work in different departments in the logistics industry. The study results in the model 1 found that organizational rewards, procedure justice, and perceived supervisor support have a positive relationship to the perceived organizational support. The study results in the model 2 also found that perceived organizational support has strong impact on the affective commitment to the organization. The study results contribute to both management theory and management practice. For the management theory aspect, the authors suggest that perceived organizational support should be considered the key antecedent of affective commitment about which researchers should pay more attention as a concept. Based on the research results, the authors also recommend for the management practice that managers should pay attention to the implementation of rewards, procedure justice, and supervisor support to increase the perceived organizational support and affective commitment in the logistic enterprises.

Cry1Ac protein is known as one of toxin crystal proteins synthesized from Bacillus thuringenesis that plays a critical role for the insect resistance. Recently, cry1Ac genes have introduced into many plants in general and soybean as well. However, the gene expression of cry1Ac genes in transgenic plants remains low that need to be improved. Several mutations we reintroduced into the cry1Ac genes in order to enhance the insecticidal effect. In this study, the cry1Ac with mutant #2, #11 and #16 were transformed into Kwangan, a Korean soybean variety by using the “half-seed” method. The plant lets carrying modified cry1Ac genes were primarily selected on media containing Phosphinothricine (PPT), a bar selective agent and Basta leaf painting. Then, the presence of introduced genes in T0 plants and the gene expression were investigated by PCR, RT-PCR and Real-time PCR. PCR and RT-PCR analysis showed expression of bar and cry1Ac genes from tested transgenic soybean plants. The number of copy of bar gene ranged from 1 to 3 by Real-time PCR analysis. These results provided a fundamental back ground for our further experiments: Confirmation of the gene expression by Southern blot and identification of the function of modified cry1Ac by insect bioessays.

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crystal protein genes encode insecticidal δ-endotoxins that are widely used for the development of insect-resistant crops. Common soybean is a crop of economic and nutritious importance in many parts of the world. Korea soybean variety Kwangan was transformed with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crystal protein genes. These genes were transformed into Kwangan using highly efficient soybean transformation system. Transgenic plants with Bt crystal protein genes were confirmed for gene introduction and their expression using PCR, real-time PCR and RT-PCR. Currently, the confirmation of stable gene introduction with Bt genes is also performing by southern blot analysis and physiology test and agronomic characters are investigating.

Korean soybean variety Kwangan was transformed with ORE7 gene using highly efficient soybean transformation system. The gene is known to exhibit a delayed leaf senescence phenotype in Arabidopsis. To confirm phenotypic characterization of leaf senescence for non-transgenic (NT) and transgenic plants, we transplanted T1 transgenic lines 7, 9, 14 and 15 together with two negative controls (NT and EV) in greenhouse. As a result, line 15 showed dramatic phenotypic characterization of yield increase and senescence delay. In addition, to investigate the agriculture traits for transgenic plants with leaf senescence delaying, T2 transgenic lines and two negative controls were transplanted on GMO fields in Ochang and harvested T3 seeds (2010). Most transgenic lines showed higher total seed weigh than NT. Especially, total seed weight of line 15 was increased by about 180% and 120% compared with the NT and EV, respectively. Therefore, we carried out the second field experiments with T3 transgenic line 15 and NT in Ochang (2011). A total of 117 transgenic plants were divided into two groups, senescence delaying (64 out of 117 plants) and increased yield (53 out of 117 plants), by transcript level of ORE7 gene. Interestingly, among increased yield plants, total seed weight of each 7 plants were increased by more than 200% compared with NT.

Korean soybean variety Kwangan was transformed with coat protein (CP), helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro), and ABRE binding factor 3 (ABF3) genes using highly efficient soybean transformation system. Among these genes, CP and HC-Pro were transformed using RNAi technology. Transgenic plants with CP were confirmed for gene introduction and their expression using PCR, real-time PCR, RT-PCR, Southern blot, and Northern blot. To investigate the response of viral infection with CP, T1 plants were inoculated with SMV-infected leaves and confirmed the existence of mosaic symptom in both leaves and seeds. Two transgenic lines with CP were highly resistant to SMV with clear leaves and seeds while SMV-susceptible lines showed mosaic symptom with seed mottling. The transcript levels of T1 plants with CP were also determined by northern blot, suggesting that SMV-resistant T1 plants did not show viral RNA expression whereas SMV-susceptible T1 plants showed viral RNA expression. Currently, the response of viral infection with HC-Pro is investigating to produce SMV-resistant soybean transgenic plants, and the physiological experiment with ABF3 is also carrying out to produce drought-tolerant soybean transgenic plants.