돼지 유전체 연구에서 Affymetrix와 Illumina의 SNP 칩은 널리 활용되지만, 플랫폼 간 기술적 차이로 인해 데이터 통합 및 비교 분석에 어려움이 있다. 본 연구는 Affymetrix Axiom® Pig55K와 Illumina PorcineSNP80v1 플랫폼 간의 데이터 호환성을 직접 비교하고, 두 플랫폼에서 생산된 데이터의 통합 및 활용을 위한 실질적인 가이드라인을 제공하고자 수행되었다. 동일한 127두의 돼지 샘플을 두 플랫폼으로 분석하여 유전자형을 호출하고, 각 플랫폼에 최적화된 품질 관리(QC)를 거쳤다. 공통 마커는 Illumina 프로브 서열을 돼지 참조 유전체(Sscrofa11.1)에 직접 정렬하여 식별하였으며, 이를 기반으로 유전자형 일치율 및 최소 대립유전자 빈도(MAF) 상관관계를 분석하였다. 최종적으로 두 플랫폼 간에 27,774개의 공통 마커가 식별되었으며, 전체 유전자형 일치율은 96.53%로 나타났다. 하지만 이는 극히 낮은 일치율을 보인 5개의 이상치(outlier) 샘플에 의한 것으로, 이들을 제외한 77개 정상 샘플에서의 일치율은 98.88% ~ 99.88%로 매우 높았다. 본 연구 결과는 플랫폼 간의 기술적 차이보다 분석 샘플의 품질이 데이터 호환성에 결정적인 영향을 미침을 보여준다. 샘플 품질이 보장된다면 두 플랫폼의 데이터는 상호 교차 활용이 가능할 만큼 높은 신뢰도를 가지며, 이는 대규모 데이터 통합 연구의 기반이 될 수 있음을 시사한다.

초음파 기술은 비파괴적이며 실시간으로 체조성을 측정할 수 있는 도구로서, 돼지의 유전 개량과 도체 평가에 필수적인 수단으로 자리 잡았다. 본 총설에서는 A-모드와 B-모드 초음파의 발전 과정, 활용 현황, 그리고 향후 전망을 종합적으로 고찰하였다. 초기의 A-모드 초음파는 등지방 두께를 선형적으로 측정하는 단순한 구조였으나, B-모드는 이차원 영상으로 근육 단면적과 근내지방 함량을 보다 정확하게 추정할 수 있었다. 그러나 장비 간 측정값의 불일치, 조사자(기술자) 의존성, 표준화된 교정체계의 부재 등은 기관 간 데이터 비교를 어렵게 하였다. 최근에는 영상 분석 기술과 수학적 보정모델, 디지털 데이터 관리기법이 발전하면서 재현성과 정확도가 향상되었고, 초음파 형질을 유전체 선택과 결합함으로써 도체능력 예측력이 크게 개선되었다. 또한 National Swine Improvement Federation (NSIF) 주도의 표준화 연구와 A·B 모드 장비 간 호환성 검증 연구가 이루어지면서 데이터 통합 기반이 마련되고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 장비 교정의 국제적 통일성과 기술자 숙련도 향상은 여전히 주요 과제로 남아 있다. 향후에는 통합 알고리즘의 개발, 대규모 데이터베이스 구축, 그리고 초음파 기반 도체 품질 평가의 국제적 기준 확립이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

Recently, a closed-type plant factory has been receiving attention as a advanced agricultural method. It has diverse advantages such as climate-independence, high productivity and stable year-round production. However, high energy cost caused by environmental control system is considered as a challenges of a closed-type plant factory. In order to reduce the energy cost, investigation about energy load which is directly connected to energy consumption needs to be conducted. In this study, energy load changes of a plant factory have been analytically analyzed according to the environmental changes. The target plant factory was a lettuce growing container farm. Firstly, the impact of photoperiod, set temperature and relative humidity change were examined. Under the climate condition of Daejeon in South Korea, increase of photoperiod and set temperature rose a yearly energy demand of a container farm. However, increase of set relative humidity decreased a yearly energy demand. Secondly, the climate environment effect was compared by investigating the energy demand under 9 different climate conditions. As a result, the difference between maximum and minimum value of the yearly energy demand showed 21.7%. Lastly, sensitivity analysis of each parameter (photoperiod, set temperature and relative humidity) has been suggested under 3 different climate conditions. The ratio of heating and cooling demand was varied depending on the climate, so the effect of each parameter became different.

본 연구에서는 육계사에 차열 페인트와 히트펌프의 적용에 따른 내부 온도 변화를 분석 하였다. 이를 위하여 환기율, 환기 방법, 시간별 환기 변화에 따른 실험 조건을 설정하였으며 육 계사 외부 및 내부 기온을 측정하였다. 그 결과, 차열 페인트를 도포한 육계사에서는 최대 1－2°C 실내 기온 상승을 억제하 는 효과가 나타났으며 히트펌프를 가동한 육계사에서는 외기 온도의 영향을 제일 적게 받는 환기율 0%일 때 내부 기온 감소 가 제일 크게 나타났다. 계사 내부의 온도가 외기 온도보다 높 을 경우에는 환기율을 높게 설정하여 환기팬을 이용한 냉방이 더욱 효과적이나 계사 내부 온도가 외기 온도와 유사하거나 낮을 경우에는 히트펌프를 이용하는 것이 가장 효과적일 것으 로 판단된다. 히트펌프 가동 시 외기 온도의 영향이 적은 환기 율을 0%로 설정하였을 때 내부 기온이 가장 큰 폭으로 감소하 였으나 실제 육계사에서는 분진, 이물질, 암모니아 등을 고려 하여 최소환기율 정도로 환기율을 설정한 후 히트펌프를 가동 하는 것이 가장 효율적일 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구는 실험 기 간이 짧아 데이터가 많지 않으며 실제 육계가 사육되고 있는 환경에서 실험을 진행한 것이 아니라는 한계가 있다. 향후 후 속 연구로 실제 닭이 사육되고 있는 환경에서의 히트펌프 효 과 분석과 히트펌프의 전력사용량, 냉방부하, 환기팬 가동시 간 등 다양한 환경인자를 포함한 연구가 진행되어야 할 것으 로 판단된다.

Bulk graphite is manufactured using graphite scrap as the filler and phenolic resin as the binder. Graphite scrap, which is the by-product of processing the final graphite product, is pulverized and sieved by particle size. The relationship between the density and porosity is analyzed by measuring the mechanical properties of bulk graphite. The filler materials are sieved into mean particle sizes of 10.62, 23.38, 54.09, 84.29, and 126.64 μm. The bulk graphite density using the filler powder with a particle size of 54.09 μm is 1.38 g/cm3, which is the highest value in this study. The compressive strength tends to increase as the bulk graphite density increases. The highest compressive strength of 43.14 MPa is achieved with the 54.09 μm powder. The highest flexural strength of 23.08 MPa is achieved using the 10.62 μm powder, having the smallest average particle size. The compressive strength is affected by the density of bulk graphite, and the flexural strength is affected by the filler particle size of bulk graphite.

Fibrous adsorbents, such as activated carbon fibers (ACF) have acknowledged advantages of rapid adsorption rate and ease of modification compared with granular and powdered adsorbents. Based on the surface modification of lyocell-based ACF, we observed different surface characteristics of ACF samples with variation in the mixing ratio and impregnation time of H3PO4, NaCl, and KMnO4 solution. For an engineering application, we also explored the adsorption characteristics of thusproduced ACF samples onto volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Isothermal adsorption experiments were performed using toluene and benzene as adsorbates. Results indicate that both physical and chemical surface properties have an effect on the adsorption of volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

The present study examined changes in surface shape and pore size observed in carbon black particles isothermally oxidized in an air atmosphere according to their burn-off ratio. Carbon black materials were fed into a horizontal tubular furnace in an air atmosphere when the inside temperature reached 600 °C. Subsequently, while changing the isothermal oxidation time, carbon black samples with different burn-off ratios were obtained, i.e., 10.5, 20.0, 30.4, 41.0, 49.9, 59.8, 71.1, and 81.0%. The scanning electron microscope analysis revealed that the observed carbon black particles were in the form of aggregated primary particles, and that there was no change in the particle size of these primary particles as the burn-off process proceeded. The latter observation supported the observation that pores were formed in the carbon black samples during the burn-off process. Notably, the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis exhibited hysteresis curves, indicating that the corresponding adsorption isotherms were of IV-type. It was also found that the area of the hysteresis curves increased as the burn-off process proceeded. The specific surface area of the raw carbon black sample was 58.00 m2/g, while that of the 81.0% sample was about 4.1 times the figure at 240.27 m2/g. The total pore volume VT was 0.17 cm3/g for the raw sample, and it was much higher for the 81.0% sample at 0.58 cm3/g. The transmission electron microscope analysis showed that the raw carbon black particles had a spherical shape with a smooth surface, but inner pores were not observed. In the 49.9% sample, pores with a size of about 5 nm were observed inside carbon black particles. Notably, the size of the pores observed in the 81.0% sample was about 20 nm and the large pores were created by the collapsing and merging of the smaller pores by oxidation.

Objectives: Lipoma is the most common soft tissue mesenchymal tumor which grows slowly. [1] [2] Intraoral lipomas are rare and have been reported in approximately 1 to 4% of all neoplasm in various literature. [2-5] Oral lipomas mostly develop slowly without symptoms, [6] and predominantly affect the buccal mucosa, floor of mouth, tongue and lip. [3] Material and Methods: A 71-year old male presented with asymptomatic swelling on tongue. On the clinical examination, there were various size of three swelling areas on the dorsum of tongue. Result: All lesions were surgically removed via intraoral approach under general anesthesia. They were soft and yellowish in color. All of the specimens has histologically revealed as typical lipomas. Conclusion: It is a report of tongue lipomas as a rare site, with clinical, histological and radiographic features. Also, there were several reports of a large or huge lipoma in oral cavity, however there were no report of multiple lipomas on the tongue. So, authors report the rarity of it.

A study on indigenous diatoms was carried out at 10 sites from May 2014 to December 2016 in marine and freshwater in Korea. Seventeen species of diatoms are new to Korea and they are divided into 3 classes, 4 subclasses, 10 orders, 14 families, and 16 genera. The nomenclatures, references, dimensions, specimens examined, local habitat, distribution in Korea, and photograph are reported here. Seventeen species found in marine, freshwater, and brackish water showed species-specific habitats.

We report on the dispersion state of partially reduced graphene oxide (PRGO) in organic solvents, namely methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl acetate, methylene chloride, toluene, and xylene, by controlling the carbon to oxygen (C/O) atomic ratio of the PRGOs. A two-phase solvent exchange method is also proposed to transfer PRGO from water to an aprotic solvent, such as methyl ethyl ketone. We achieve relatively good dispersion in aprotic and non-polar solvents by controlling the C/O atomic ratio of the PRGOs and applying the two-phase solvent exchange method. There is an increase in the glass transition temperatures with the dispersion of PRGOs into amorphous polymers, in particular a 4.4°C increase for poly(methyl methacrylate) and 3.0°C increase for polycarbonate. Good dispersion of PRGO in a nonpolar polymer, such as linear low density polyethylene, is also obtained.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of antiprotozoal plant extracts on in vitro ruminal fermentation and methane emission. Ruminal contents were collected from two ruminally-fistulated steers (Average BW: 450±30 kg) consuming 60% Timothy hay and 40% concentrate with free access to water and mineral block. Plant extracts, Lonicera japonica, Torreya nucifera, Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Poncirus trifoliate and Citrus junos, which have been known to have antiprotozoal and antiparasitic effects were added (5% of substrate) to the in vitro ruminal fermentation bottles containing the mixture of rumen fluid and McDougall’s buffer. The McDougall buffer (1000 ml) and ruminal inoculums (500 ml) were combined and 20 ml added to the 50 ml fermentation vessels containing 300 mg of substrate (DM basis). The fermentation vessels were placed in an incubator at 39°C for 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h with shaking. Plant extracts addition was decreased (p<0.05) acetate:propionate compared with control except with T. nucifera addition. Total gas production was increased (p<0.05), whereas methane emission was decreased (p<0.05) by all plant extracts compared with control at 12 h incubation. Methane emission at 24 h incubation was decreased for Lonicera japonica, Torreya nucifera, and Zanthoxylum schinifolium compared with control as well. In addition, methanogenic archaea was decreased (p<0.05) by all plant extracts at the 12 h incubation. These results indicate that the plant extracts may decrease methane emission by inhibiting methanogenesis without the decrease of total gas production in 12 h in vitro ruminal fermentation. Therefore, plant extracts which have the antiprotozoal effect may be promising feed additives for ruminants as a methane inhibitor