This study was carried out to find out the effect of water stress (RDI) on multiplication of plant parasitic nematodes on grapevines. The responses to irrigation treatments were not significantly different in relation to new root growth, root dry weight and total number of parasitic nematodes, however significant differences in the density of Meloidogyne javanica in the soil between daily irrigation and the treatment with water stress (RDI). The main effect of inoculum type was significant, and the water treatments significantly affected total root growth between the nematode treatments, as well as M. javanica density in the soil in the nematode treatments. The daily irrigation treatment with Pratylenchus spp. had the least root growth but was not significantly different to root growth in the RDI treatment with Pratylenchus spp. Similarly with RDI, there was no significant difference in root growth in treatments receiving combined nematode inoculum between daily irrigation and RDI. However, root growth in treatments receiving M. javanica in RDI was significantly greater than those receiving M. javanica with daily irrigation. Under RDI treatment, the number of M. javanica recovered from soil receiving M. javanica inoculum was significantly greater than under daily irrigation. However, there was no significant difference between daily irrigation and RDI in the number of M. javanica or Pratylenchus recovered from soil receiving the combined treatment or in Pratylenchus recovered from soil in the Pratylenchus treatment.

DNA-based technology are about to revolutionize the analysis of population structures as well as the determination of individual indentities. Furthermore, the analysis of polymorphic DNA regions make it possible to reach detailed conclusions on family relationships of individual. Microsatellite loci are increasingly used in population genetic and evolutionary studies. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) or microsatellites consisted of short tandem repeats (usually 1-6 nucleotide) have shown advantages over other markers. We report here the isolation and characterization of nine highly polymerphic microsatellite loci for phylogenetic and population genetic use in silkworm. Comparative analysis of diverse silkworm strains with microsatellite locus revealed several alleles and discriminative heterozygosity values. A list of primer sequences that tag each locus is provided. The usefulness of microsatellite markers can be expected to enhance the classification in silkworm.

This study was carried out to investigate changes of protease and amylase activities and nitrogen content in Chungkookjang prepared by Bacillus subtilis S8 and different soybean. Amino-type nitrogen and ammonia-type nitrogen contents increased with an increase in fermentation time and was the highest in black soybean Chungkookjang. The number of viable cells increased up to 24 h of fermentation at all temperatures tested; especially, their levels were the highest at 40℃. Protease activity was the highest in black soybean Chungkookjang. α-amylase activity increased significantly up to 6 h of fermentation at 30℃and 40℃and then maintained constantly. It also increased up to 30-36 h of fermentation at 45℃and then decreased. β -amylase activity was the highest in black soybean Chungkookjang at 35℃and 40℃and in yellow soybean Chungkookjang at 45℃. Production pattern of reducing sugar was similar to that of β-amylase. Amino-type nitrogen, viable cell number and reducing sugar content and β-amylase activity was the highest in Chungkookjang fermented at 40℃. Considering amino-type and ammonia-type nitrogen contents, Chungkookjang fermentation using yellow soybean was favorable. However, the fermentation using black soybean was favorable, considering protease and amylase activities and reducing sugar content.