해상에서의 안전한 의사소통은 선박 운항의 핵심 요소로, 국제해사기구(IMO)는 SMCP(Standard Marine Communication Phrases)를 제정하여 선내외 교신에서 활용할 수 있도록 하였다. SMCP를 포함한 해사영어는 효과적이고 정확한 의사소통을 위해 일반 영어와는 다 른 문법적, 어휘적, 구조적 특성을 반영하고 있으며, 간결성과 명확성에 초점이 맞추어져 표준화되어 있다. 이러한 맥락에서 본 연구는 상 용 LLM 모델의 해사영어 활용 능력을 PHP Text Similarity 알고리즘과 BERT 기반 모델을 활용하여 평가하였다. 먼저 ChatGPT, Google Gemini, Meta LLaMA 3 70B Instruct 모델을 대상으로 SMCP 기반 문장 구성, 용어 정의, 빈칸 채우기 문제를 포함한 총 60문항을 활용하여 성능을 비교 분석하였다. 이후 해사고등학교 학생들의 시험 결과와 LLM 모델의 결과를 비교하여, LLM이 실제 해기사 교육 수준과 비교 했을 때 어느 정도의 해사영어 이해 및 문장 구성 능력을 갖추었는지 평가하였다. 대체적으로 LLM 모델들은 높은 정답률을 보였으나, 표 준화된 문구를 정확하게 활용하거나 관용적으로 사용되는 해사영어 표현을 이해하고 적용하는 데 한계점이 있음을 확인하였다. 본 연구 는 해기교육기관 및 실무 현장에서 상용 LLM 모델의 해사영어 활용 가능성을 평가하는 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대되며, 향 후 보다 정교한 모델을 대상으로 추가연구가 필요하다.

This study investigates activism as a powerful force for social and environmental change in South Asian fashion industries, specifically those in Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India. It defines the characteristics of fashion activism within regional contexts and explores the manifestation of fashion activism in a range of styles and practices. By combining a qualitative literature review with social media analysis, this study evaluates the role of activism in fashion and reveals that fashion serves as a vital medium for advocating social change while fostering a sense of community and identity among marginalized groups. The key findings indicate that social media is crucial for amplifying activist messages, encouraging stakeholder collaboration, and raising awareness regarding urgent social issues. In contrast to prior studies, which have primarily focused on a single topic, this research encompasses a comprehensive spectrum of activism within the fashion domain, examining critical themes such as cultural identity, gender equality, economic empowerment, and environmental justice. The findings suggest that fashion activism catalyzes significant transformations beyond conventional metrics, promoting a holistic framework for understanding social justice and sustainability. Furthermore, this study highlights the transformative potential of the fashion industry in driving social progress and emphasizes the need for further research to better understand these movements.

This paper addresses a scheduling problem aimed at minimizing makespan in a permutation flow shop with two machines and an inspection process that must be conducted at least once every certain number of outcomes from the first machine. A mathematical programming approach and a genetic algorithm, incorporating Johnson's rule and a specific mutation process, were developed to solve this problem. Johnson's rule was used to generate an initial population, while the mutation process ensured compliance with the inspection constraints. The results showed that within a computation time limit of 300 seconds, the mathematical programming approach often failed to provide optimal or feasible solutions, especially for larger job sets. For instance, when the process times of both machines were similar and the inspection time was longer, the mathematical programming approach failed to solve all 10 experiments with just 15 jobs and only had a 50% success rate for 100 jobs. In contrast, the proposed genetic algorithm solved all instances and delivered equal or superior results compared to the mathematical programming approach.

Maize (Zea mays. L) is one of the major sources of green fodder for livestock in Pakistan. Crop management plays a key role in obtaining high yields for green fodder. Fertilizer application, seed rate, and row spacing are critical components of crop management, which can significantly affect crop biomass. To determine the best production technology, a two-year (2021-2023) study was conducted at the research area of National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad. Plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, green fodder yield per acre, and green fodder yield per hectare were recorded. Various row spacing (15 cm, 30 cm, 45 cm, and 60 cm), fertilizer ratio (N: P = 55:30, 65:40, 75:50, and 85:60), and seed rates (30 kg/ac, 35 kg/ac, 40 kg/ac, and 45 kg/ac) were applied. Results obtained experiments revealed that in both growing seasons, the maximum green fodder yield was obtained when fertilizer N: P ratio was 75:50 (green fodder biomass: 74.61 t/ha and 72.56 t/ha). Similarly, the optimal seed rate was found to be 40 kg/ac, which resulted in the highest green fodder yield (73.41 t/ha and 72.88 t/ha in two seasons). Furthermore, the plant of maize at row spacing of 30 cm was found to generate the maximum green fodder yield (72.39 t/ha and 72.40 t/ha, respectively). Green fodder yield per hectare was found to be positively correlated with plant height, number of leaves, and leaf area. These findings underscore the significance of applying a fertilizer ratio of N: P = 75:50, a seed rate 40 kg/ac, and a row spacing of 45 cm for higher yields of green fodder in maize crop.