This study used adult wistar-based rats to observe the sexual cycle as a morphological characteristic of vaginal epithelial cells by vaginal smearing, and investigated the fetal number through mating with male rats of the same strain. The target animal was a 12 to 13-week-old Wistar-based mature unlighted rat (weight 220 g to 240 g), room temperature 23 ± 2℃, 14 hours artificial lighting (05:00 to 19:00 hours), 10 hours Adapted individuals were used for rearing for at least 2 weeks under the conditions of the darkroom (19:00 to 05:00). The feed was managed for free feeding of pellet feed for animals and water. The vaginal smearing method was used for the experiments by observing the sexual cycle every morning and confirming that the normal sexual cycle of 4 or 5 days was repeated at least 2 cycles or more. As a result, the proestrus was found to have few red blood cells, the cells and nuclei were rather large and round, and many nucleated cells were identified. In the case of the estrus, the cells were large and the nuclei were not stained, and most of the keratinocytes were found. In addition, in the metestrus and diestrus, there were many white blood cells, and it was confirmed that nucleated epithelial cells and keratinocytes were significantly reduced. The pregnancy period was 21 ± 1.8 days, and the number of live births per delivery was 11.9 on average. The number of fetuses on the 8th and 10th days of pregnancy were 15.2 ± 0.4 and 15.4 ± 0.3, respectively. On the contrary, the number of fetuses on the 12th day of pregnancy was 12.9 ± 0.6, which was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased compared to the 10th day of pregnancy, and the number of fetuses was similar until delivery. As a result of investigating the change of body weight according to the birth weight and growth stage after delivery, the birth weight of female and male was 9.2 ± 2.0 g and 9.8 ± 2.5 g, respectively. After that, until the 16th day, the female and the male showed similarly moderate weight gain, and then showed a rapid weight gain until the 21st day of lactation. With reference to the results of this study, it is expected to be used as basic data for determining the mating time of rodents and controlling pregnancy and fetal number.

This paper analyzes Mao’s character building process, personality and identity formation process through analysis of reading inclination. It also examines the process of China’s revolution, the process of Chinese Communist Party’s development, and the influence of China on the formation of the regime. It should be remembered that Mao’s reading propensity does not end with the personal nature of Mao, the natural Mao’s reading propensity, but that they ultimately played a decisive role in China’s revolutionary process. This paper analyzes Mao’s diverse reading tendencies through reading analysis of Chinese classics, reading analysis of Marx and Leninism, and analysis of his readings on newspapers and magazines. And through that analysis, we can lay the foundations for understanding Mao and China. Mao‘s ideas and their influence are very important in understanding China. His influence is also presently underlining the whole of China’s ideological system, and its invisible influence will continue even to the present day Xi Jinping system. Of course, even the Xi Jinping system has its influence. A thorough analysis and inquiry into China through the study of Mao ideology will be a very important task for us. However, this paper is related to Mao’s reading tendency analysis which is attempted for the first time in Korea. Although originality is an advantage of this paper, its analysis and weakness of argument are weak points of this paper.

In conversation analysis (CA), wh‐questions are treated as invoking a claim that questioners have no knowledge about the information being solicited. This paper examines a particular form of wh‐questions that indexes an epistemic claim incongruent with such a claim of no knowledge. In particular, it examines wh‐questions that are marked with a committal suffix in Korean conversation, in which the committal suffix indicates that the speaker should have the information at hand. Using the method of CA, this paper shows that these wh‐questions indexing incongruent knowledge claims are used in contexts in which questioners know or should know about the information being solicited. First, they are commonly used to seek a particular piece of information questioners already know about, or should already know about, by reference to prior talk or shared knowledge with recipients. Second, wh‐questions marked with committal endings can be used as word searches. In these cases, they do not seek the other partyʹs active participation in finding solutions to the missing word(s) and thus are self‐directed. The analysis will suggest that wh‐questions with committal endings can serve to avoid a potential trouble or accountability in interaction.

Lee Seung-hee. 2015. “Closings of Calls to an Airline Service”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 23(3). 177~204. In conversation analysis (CA), closings of a conversation are explicated as achievements by parties working through structural problems of coordinating a simultaneous exit from the conversation. This paper examines closings of calls to an airline service in Korea using the method of CA. As calls to the airline service are built with an orientation to an expectably single business, resolution of the business at hand－typically a flight reservation－occasions the relevance of closing. Closings of airline service calls are structured into pre-closing and terminal sequences. Agents' announcement of a completion of the reservation, thus of the business at hand, constitutes a pre-closing move. Customers align with the pre-closing move normally by producing an acknowledgement in response. Following pre-closing sequences, agents initiate a terminal sequence by producing a terminal component in a standard format required by the institution. Customers typically respond with an acknowledgement ‘yes’ token, collaboratively achieving a termination. In the achievement of closing sequences, parties orient not only to the particular trajectory of activities and pre-closings they have been engaged in, but also to the particular type of conversation as one of customer service.

2005년 10월 17일 중국현대문학 최후의 거장 바진이 사망하였다. 중국의 대중매체들은 그의 죽음을 두 고 “중국의 한 시대 문학의 역사가 진정으로 마쳤음을 상징한다”라고 보도하였다. 하지만 ≪수상록≫과 바진의 사망에 따라 촉발된 바진에 대한 연구 열풍은 곧 식어갔고, 중국현대문학 최후의 거장 바진에 대 한 기억들도 세인들의 뇌리에서 서서히 잊혀져갔다. 세인들의 바진에 대한 기억은 언론매체들의 상투적 평가, 예컨대 ‘기치’, ‘한 시대의 모범’, ‘하나의 금자탑’ 등으로 고착화되어 버렸다. 그런데 문제는 바진 에 대한 찬양 일변도의 행태가 과연 그에 대한 올바른 평가를 내리는 데 도움이 되냐는 것이다. 어떠한 이의도 제기하지 않고 일관되게 칭송만 하는 것은 바진을 오히려 박제화시키는 결과를 낳고 있다. 즉, 바진은 하나의 단순한 문화 기호로 소비되고 있는 것이다. 그런 의미에서 바진 사후 10여년이 흐른 지금 바진에 대한 진중한 고찰과 비판적 성찰이 필요할 것으로 보인다.