Purpose: This qualitative study aimed to understand and describe teachers' experiences of early childhood sex education. Methods: For data collection, in-depth interviews were conducted with 18 early childhood teachers working at daycare centers until the data were saturated. Recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim. The data were analyzed using the qualitative thematic analysis method suggested by Braun and Clarke. Results: Although early childhood teachers recognized the necessity of sex education for children, they experienced difficulties in imparting sex education in daycare centers. Teachers lacked confidence because they themselves had not received proper education related to teaching sex education. It was confirmed that sex education methods and materials were lacking and outdated, and the support of educational institutions was insufficient. Teachers emphasized the importance of communication and cooperation with parents when sexual behavior problems occur in children. Conclusion: Systematic education for teachers and parents is required to raise awareness of sex education and to communicate smoothly among them.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe and understand the experiences of pain and the perceptions of treatment through a traditional Korean medicine clinical trial in patients with non-acute pain after back surgery. Methods: The data collection was recorded through in-depth interviews with 20 participants and transcribed with verbatim. The data were analyzed with qualitative contents analysis. Results: Patients with persistent or recurring pain after back surgery experienced physical and psychological symptoms that resulted in severe difficulties in daily and working life. Their persistent or recurring pain after surgery was a burden in their life and a major source of depression. Because of the difference in the perception of pain between doctors and patients, the patients continuously sought and received various treatments. The patients also wanted to receive customized self-management in exercise so that they could control pain themselves in daily life. Conclusion: A multidisciplinary approach that includes psychological counseling, pain management, individualized exercise, and education for proper posture should be needed to reduce low back pain in patients with pain after back surgery.

Purpose: Recently, with the increasing demand for a evidence-based practice model in the health care area, qualitative meta-synthesis studies that provide a comprehensive understanding of phenomena of interest has increased. This study was conducted to understand the concept of qualitative meta-synthesis and guide the application of appropriate methods. Methods: This study is a literature review to address and analyze concepts and methods used in qualitative meta-synthesis studies. Results: The definition and purpose of qualitative meta-synthesis, philosophical background, procedures and outcomes are described. And the meta-ethnography, which is widely applied, was described. In addition, grounded theory, critical interactive synthesis, and meta-study were briefly introduced. It is also desirable to evaluate the quality of the primary research paper by utilizing evaluation criteria and evaluation tools to select the primary research paper, which also affects the quality of qualitative meta-synthetic studies. It is necessary for the researcher to recognize the epistemological difference in qualitative meta-synthesis, to consider saturation of the primary research paper, and to minimize the decontextualization of the primary research paper. Above all, the creative interpretation of researchers should provide expanded knowledge and insights into the research area. Conclusion: By clarifying the purpose of qualitative meta-synthesis, the researcher should ensure justification for performing qualitative meta-synthesis. Researchers also need to make efforts to ensure methodological transparency in order to overcoming the limitations of qualitative meta-synthesis.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand the nurse’s experiences of ‘work flow interruption’ in hospital settings. Methods: Data were collected by in-depth interviews with 6 nurse in General wards or in the ER of tertiary hospitals. Qualitative content analysis method was used to analyze the data. Results: The following three categories were elicited; ‘acceptable interruptions’, ‘unacceptable interruption’, ‘nursing work environment interrupting work flow’. Conclusion: The findings provided interruptions are occurring in systemic structure and relationships within the hospital, taking into account the aspect of providing quality nursing care as profession. This confirms that nurses have negative effect on workload rather than positive ones. Based on the findings, it needs to be of interest to the nurses at the organizational level in order to relieve the burden and fatigue due to overloaded work.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was understanding of Qualitative Content Analysis (QCA), according to theoretical foundation. Methods: QCA explained concepts and procedures systematically, through literature review and researcher’s analytical thinking. Results: QCA was one of the various qualitative research techniques, in which meanings can be derived from the text and various material such as video, articles, and books etc. QCA classified three approaches, including: conventional, directed, and summative content analysis. Despite there being no systematic rule of analysis of QCA, the process of the QCA was suggested as: preparation, organizing, and reporting phase. It is of great significance that unit of analysis was selected during preparation phase. Both, coding and categorization were generated during the organizing phase. Analyzing the process and results were described with either conceptual map or model during the Reporting Phase. Results showed that the differences of the application between QCA and thematic analysis, along with grounded theory. The trustworthiness was affirmed for the validity of the results. Conclusion: Researchers who want to apply the QCA require understanding of its method, sufficiently. It is emphasized that QCA should exhibit the researcher’s interpretation from the data in some degree, in order to not defect the essentiality of qualitative research.