Springtails (class Collembola) play a crucial role in soil ecosystems. They are commonly used as standard species in soil toxicity assessments. According to the ISO 11267 guidelines established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Allonychiurus kimi uses adult survival and juvenile production as toxicity assessment endpoint. Conventional toxicity assessment methods require manually counting adults and larvae under a microscope after experiments, which is time-consuming and laborintensive. To overcome these limitations, this study developed a model using YOLOv8 to detect and count both adults and juveniles of A. kimi. An AI model was trained using a training dataset and evaluated using a validation dataset. Both training and validation datasets used for AI model were created by picturing plate images that included adults and larvae. Statistical comparison of validation dataset showed no significant difference between manual and automatic counts. Additionally, the model achieved high accuracies (Precision=1.0, Recall=0.95 for adults; Precision=0.95, Recall=0.83 for juveniles). This indicates that the model can successfully detect objects. Additionally, the system can automatically measure body areas of individuals, enabling more detailed assessments related to growth and development. Therefore, this study establishes that AI-based counting methods in toxicity assessments with offer high levels of accuracy and efficiency can effectively replace traditional manual counting methods. This method significantly enhances the efficiency of large-scale toxicity evaluations while reducing researcher workload.

본 연구는 신흥시장 다국적기업(EMNEs)의 국제화 과정에서 핵심 요인으로 작용하는 제도적 거 리(institutional distance)에 대한 전략적 적응 양상을 체계적 문헌고찰을 통해 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 키워드 분석에는 VOSviewer를 활용하였으며, 그 결과 여섯 개의 주요 연구 주제 가 도출되었다. 각 클러스터는 EMNEs와 제도적 거리 관련 연구의 다양한 하위 주제를 포괄하고 있다. 선행연구는 제도적 거리가 EMNEs의 국제화에 대해 제약이자 동시에 기회로 작용할 수 있 음을 보여준다. 문화적, 지리적, 규제적 거리는 운영상의 어려움을 야기할 수 있지만, 혁신과 전략 적 적응을 유도하고, 제도적 공백 속에서 새로운 기회를 창출할 수 있는 기반이 되기도 한다. 본 연 구는 체계적 문헌 고찰을 통해 위험 완화를 위한 제도적 프레임워크 활용, 자원 확보를 위한 국경 간 인수합병, 그리고 제도적 정렬을 통한 혁신 촉진 등과 같은 주요 전략들을 도출하였다. 이를 바 탕으로, EMNEs의 전략적 적응 및 제도적 거리 연구의 진화 경로를 분석하고, 체계적 이해를 위한 분석 프레임워크를 제시하고자 한다. 아울러, 트럼프 정부 2기 출범에 따른 제도 환경의 변화가 EMNEs에 미친 영향을 분석하고, 이에 기반한 향후 연구 방향을 제안하였다.

The Molten Salt Reactor (MSR) is considered one of the most suitable technology for micro mobile reactors due to its low operating pressure (3 ~ 5 atmospheres), which reduces weight and volume compared to pressurized water reactors (PWRs). Unlike PWRs, MSRs use molten salt as both fuel and coolant, enabling compact and transportable designs. This study outlines the conceptual design of a micro mobile MSR and establishes safety criteria for transient states. It proposes strategies for managing the primary loop, intermediate heat transfer system, and air-cooled Balance of Plant (BOP) while addressing thermal and structural constraints, such as maximum temperatures and molten salt freezing points. Control approaches for reactor output and BOP systems are analyzed, highlighting fast response and adaptability to frequent power changes. The study also compares fixed-speed and variable-speed pump operations and provides a framework for operational modes, from high-temperature standby to transport-ready conditions. These findings offer a foundation for efficient, safe, and flexible MSR deployment.

Background: Treadmill training is an effective intervention method for improving the walking ability of stroke patients, and taping is effective for stabilizing joints. However, taping interventions have not been implemented during treadmill training. Objectives: To examine whether treadmill training with an elastic tape or treadmill training with a non-elastic tape could be more effective in stroke patients. Design: A single blinded, randomized, controlled, comparative study. Methods: 22 stroke patients were randomly allocated to two groups: the elastic group (treadmill gait training with ankle elastic tape on the paretic side) or the non-elastic group (treadmill gait training with non-elastic tape on the paretic side). All participants performed 60 min of comprehensive rehabilitation therapy and treadmill training with an elastic tape or non-elastic tape for 20 min. Results: 10-meter walk test and timed up-and-go test results after training differed significantly from baseline in both groups (P<.05), but significantly larger gains were observed in the elastic group (10-meter walk test, -17.1%; timed up-and-go test, -18.49%; P<.05, respectively). Conclusion: Treadmill gait training with elastic tape on the affected ankle joint might be more effective at improving the walking and balancing abilities of stroke patients.

Ecosystems provide various ecosystem services based on biodiversity. However, biodiversity is facing crises due to anthropogenic factors such as pollution, land use change, and climate change. Threats to biodiversity can significantly impact the provision and stability of ecosystem services, extending beyond simple species decline. To address threats to biodiversity, it is crucial to evaluate how anthropogenic factors affect not only biodiversity but also ecosystem services. This study aims to investigate the energy flux in a post-mining area based on the biodiversity of soil ecosystems and assess its suitability as an evaluation metric. It was observed that as the concentration of the primary pollutant, arsenic, increased, both the biomass of soil organisms and energy flux decreased. Furthermore, soil ecosystem multifunctionality may be negatively affected by pollution. These findings contribute to understanding the impact of pollution on soil ecosystem biodiversity and energy flux in post-mining areas and provide important information for more effective conservation and management of ecosystem services.

Even in an era where 8-meter class telescopes are common, small telescopes are considered very valuable research facilities since they are available for rapid follow-up or long term monitoring observations. To maximize the usefulness of small telescopes in Korea, we established the SomangNet, a network of 0.4{1.0 m class optical telescopes operated by Korean institutions, in 2020. Here, we give an overview of the project, describing the current participating telescopes, its scientic scope and operation mode, and the prospects for future activities. SomangNet currently includes 10 telescopes that are located in Australia, USA, and Chile as well as in Korea. The operation of many of these telescopes currently relies on operators, and we plan to upgrade them for remote or robotic operation. The latest SomangNet science projects include monitoring and follow-up observational studies of galaxies, supernovae, active galactic nuclei, symbiotic stars, solar system objects, neutrino/gravitational-wave sources, and exoplanets.