The insecticidal activities of 27 different commercial products with environmentally friendly organic material (EFOM) against Scotinophara lurida, a major rice pest, were evaluated in the laboratory using spraying methods on plants and insects. Seven plant-derived organic farming materials (EFOM-8, -10, -12, -13, -19, -20, and -26) with high insecticidal effects when sprayed directly on the insect’s body rather than on the plant were selected. In the indoor rice pot test, all 7 EFOMs showed an insecticidal rate of over 73.3% under irrigated conditions. Notably, EFOM-13 and EFOM-20 demonstrated much higher insecticidal rates, ranging from 1.5 to 1.8 times, in irrigated conditions compared to drained conditions. In the semi-paddy field test, EFOM-10 (80% garlic extract), EFOM- 13 (62% neem extract), and EFOM-26 (70% sophora extract+28% ethyl alcohol+2% pyrethrum extract) exhibited a higher control value of 88.9% in the irrigated paddy on the 7th day, surpassing the control values in the drained paddy by 1.4 to 1.9 times. The control value in the irrigated rice paddy field sprayed with EFOM-10 reached 86.2% on the 7th day, which was 1.4 times higher than 61.9% in the drained paddy. Taken together, the findings suggest that direct contact of the insect’s body with sufficient amounts of spray solution and the maintenance of paddy irrigation can enhance the controlling effect of EFOMs. These findings will be valuable in developing an optimal S. luridacontrol strategy for application in rice paddy fields in the near future.

The aim of this study was first to expand participation types in the field of beauty design by examining activities in the field, and second, to seek practical methods for addressing the important issue of social responsibility amid the current pandemic situation. Accordingly, social responsibility in design was examined through a review of previous studies. The features of practice domains and design performance fields were examined comparatively. As a result, it was found that social practices take place in various sectors, with sensibility toward the environment being escalated to a new level in the cosmetics industry. In terms of cosmetics enterprise practices, collecting, recycling, manufacturing, and retail networking has been established to reuse up to 95% of waste resources. Furthermore, ethical responsibility and participation concerning product and service waste resources are recommended, resulting in the supply of eco-friendly products in a virtuous cycle. In terms of systematic policy, even component transformation (such as organic certification and excluding toxic substances) is being carried out. However, it was difficult to identify such responsible activities in Korea; thus, systematic practice is needed. Designers take part in talent donation activities, and it was the sector they prefer the most. However, it is necessary to conduct studies on limitations such as venues equipped with cosmetics procedure equipment and public cosmetics sanitation and make systematic improvement, such that activities can be led with initiative from passive participation.

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a gram-positive bacterium that produces parasporal crystal proteins known as endotoxins or Cry proteins. The Cry protoxins are then cleaved by insect midgut proteinases to form active Bt toxins. The activated Cry protein then binds to specific receptors at the midgut epithelium. Cadherin-like and aminopeptidase N (APN) proteins are involved in Bt toxin binding by interacting sequentially with different toxin structures. Aminopeptidase N (APNs) from several insect species have been shown to be putative receptors for these toxins. We have characterized four different midgut APNs(APN1, APN2, APN3, APN4) cDNAs from S. exigua. Forward primers and reverse primers for confirmation of four different midgut APNs were designed based on their sequences cloned from the cDNA libraries. Quantitative RT-PCR procedures includes 42℃ for 20min (cDNA synthesis), 99℃ for 5min, and 35 cycles (94℃ for 1min, and 60℃ for 50 s) for collection. Four aminopeptidase N isoforms were confirmed with qRT-PCR. Sequence analysis was performed by BlastX search the National Center for Biotechnology Information(NCBI) nucleotide. Furthermore, double-stranded RNAs(dsRNAs) were synthesized. DsRNAs were determined for bioassay.