The susceptibility of the Cigarette beetle, which are pests in tobacco, to methyl bromide and phosphine fumigants was evaluated. Five concentrations of each methyl bromide were selected for all stages and treated for 4 hours. As a result, 100% larvae were observed in eggs CT 51.20, late larva CT 73.61, pupa CT 71.87 and adult 52.87 mg h / L, respectively. The LCT50 values for methyl bromide were 13.896 for eggs, 36.038 for late larvae, 25.172 and 21.758 mg / l, respectively. The phosphine treatment was carried out for 5 to 6 concentrations (0.025, 0.051, 0.099, 0.501, 0.999 and 1.500 mg / L) for 20 hours. As a result, egg and late larvae showed 100% larvae at CT 5.137 and 6.435 mg h / L, respectively, and 61.9% and 98.9% of larvae and adult larvae were similar to each other. Pupae showed 86.4% larvae at CT 10.520 and 100% larvae at over 13.777 mg / h of CT. The LCT50 values for phosphine were 0.317 for eggs, 0.649 for late larvae, 3.748 for pupa and 0.703 mg / l for adults.

Exportation of sweet persimmon has been grown up recently, but the growth was accumulated because of quarantine and shelf life issues. Herein, we've investigated the concurrent processing of ethyl formate (EtF), a MeBr alternative quarantine fumigant, and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), an anti-ethylene compound, on sweet persimmon and suggested proper fumigation methods. An important quarantine pest, Tetranychus urticae, was inoculated on sweet persimmon, and then 70 g m-3 of ethyl formate has been fumigated for 6 h before and after 1 ppm of 1-MCP treatment for 24 h at 5°C condition. These concurrent processing showed the promise that efficacy of EtF was enough to meet quarantine guideline and shelf life of fruits was extended in terms of the hardness, surface color and sugar contents when treated fruits were stored for four weeks at 5°C.

This study was conducted to estimate temperature effect on the hatching success of Asian Gypsy Moth (AGM), Lymantria dispar (Linne) in different temperature conditions (15, 20, 25, 30, and 35℃). The egg masses were collected during winter season and stored in cold room (4℃). The hatching rate was evaluated from the number of hatched caterpillar for period of 50 days. As a result, hatching rates were 89.80, 92.94, 95.51, 62.02, and 18.35% at 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35℃, respectively. The optimal temperature on the hatching success of AGM egg might be 20~25℃.

I) Surveillance for subtropical-moths through the inanimate pathway in the Korean Peninsula was investigated during the period from 2006 to the present using the light trap in Is. Baekryeong-do and Is. Daecheong-do. A total of 438 species belonging to 27 families of Lepidoptera were identified. Among them, two species of subtropical -moths, including Ischyja manlia Cramer and Spirama sp. belong to the family Noctuidae were occurred at Is. Daecheong-do in the west coast. II) We are conducting an investigation into subtropical-moths detected from a vessel arrived in Yeosu sea port from this year. Among them, one species was identified into Histia flabellicornis Fabricius belong to the family Zygaenidae. These moths are mainly distributed in the subtropical area from the southern part of China to Indonesia. It is very likely that subtropical-moths have invaded in the Korean Peninsula through the inanimate pathway such as typhoons and/or vessels. To resolve this question, further researches should be done to determine the pathway by which these subtropical-moths occurred in Korea.

The aim of this study was to determine the muscle activity of the abdominalis and erector spinae during bridging and unilateral bridging exercises on the firm surface, the sir-fit, and the foam roll. Eighteen healthy young subjects were recruited for this study. Surface electromyographic (EMG) activities were recorded from the both sides of the rectus abdominalis, external obliques, internal obliques, and erector spinae muscles during bridging and unilateral bridging-exercises. A one-way repeated analysis of variance was used to compare the EMG activity of each muscle according to the support surface condition. Differences in the EMG activities between the bridging and unilateral bridging exercises, and between the right and left side were assessed using a paired t-test. The study showed that the EMG activities of all of the muscles were significantly higher when the bridging exercise was performed using the foam roll or sit-fit than on the firm surface. The EMG activities of the right rectus abdominis, right external obliques, the right internal oblique, and both erector spinae were significantly higher during unilateral bridging ex exercise using the foam roll or the sit-fit than on the firm surface. The EMG activities of all of the muscles were significantly higher during the unilateral bridging exercise than during the bridging exercise. Based on these finding, performing the unilateral bridging exercise using the sit-fit or the foam roll is a useful method for facilitating trunk muscle strength and lumbar stability.

This study investigated the effect of different photoperiods (14L: 10D, 12L:12D and 10L:14D) on the gonadal development and GtH mRNA expression in the pituitary of damselfish. The results showed that gonadosomatic index (GSI) was significantly lower in shot photoperiod (10L:14D), in comparison with other photoperiodic group during the spawning season. After 60 days treatment, histological analysis of gonad tissue showed that the gonad of 10L:14D and 12L: 12D treatment groups were resting phase with spermatogonia and perinucleolus stage oocytes but the gonad of 14L:10D treatment group was still ripe phase with spermatozoa and mature stage oocyte. The FSHβ and LHβ mRNA expression in pituitary drastically decreased shot photoperiod treatment from July (spawning period). These results suggest that photoperiod is considered to be the most effective environmental factor in controlling the reproductive cycle of damselfish.