Brown rice grain pigments of black rice have a higher content of bioactive substances such as anti-mutagenic substance than the non-pigmented rice grain. The major anthocyanin pigment contained in black rice was cyanidin-3-glucoside. This study was conducted to establish a rapid analysis method for determining cyanidin-3-glucoside contents in flour and whole rice seeds of black rice using VIS/NIRS technique. A total of 60 black rice samples were used for VIS/NIRS equation model development and validation. The value of coefficient of determination of external validation (r 2 ) and standard error of performance (SEP) in whole rice seed sample were 0.653 and 97.2, respectively. Therefore, the value of it seemed to be difficult to analyze cyanidin-3-glucoside content in whole rice seed samples using VIS/NIRS. However, in rice flour sample, the best accurate equation model was obtained from the partial least square regression (PLS) method. The value of r 2 , SEP and bias were 22.5, 0.922 and -1.45 in the calibration transformed to the N-point smooth of log 1/R signal, 5 factors, respectively. Therefore, the results of our study clearly demonstrate that the VIS/NIRS method would be applicable only for rapid determination of cyanidin-3-glucose content in black rice flour samples.

Recent interest in green tea polyphenols has increased owing to their antioxidant activities and their possible role in the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Typically, 93% compounds of total polyphenols in green tea leaves, many of which are called catechins, are flavonoids. The major tea catechins are a mixture of epicatechin isomers, including (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECG), and (-)-epicatechin (EC). Separation of green tea catechins is generally carried out by HPLC-UVD. UV detector is a suitable detector for quantification this class of molecules and allows high sensitivity level for polyunsaturated species. However, UV detection does not discriminate different compounds having similar chromophore groups. More detailed structural information can be collected when a mass spectrometer is coupled with a UV-DAD. MSD is a powerful tool for qualitative analysis to identify and confirm molecular structures of unknown compounds, and it is particularly useful for quantitative analysis, owing to its high sensitivity and selectivity. This study describes the application of HPLC-DAD/MS methods for the rapid and routine analysis of 9 catechins in green tea leaves. Green tea extracts were injected directly onto a reversed phase HPLC column. Compounds, identified on the basis of their absorbance and MS spectrum, included gallic acid, (-)-epicatechin, and their various gallate derivatives. HPLC/MS detection was found to be more sensitive than UV-DAD, and MSD showed good precisions for quantification of catechins.

Anthocyanin pigments in black soybean seed coat have been known as including biological activities, which are antitumor, antioxdant and antivirus. Also in soybean, isoflavone have been reported as health-promoting benefits, which are antiestrogen, antioxidant, antitumoral activities and preventing cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis. The consumption of soybean increased in Korea because of the importance of its functional characteristics of the anthocyanin and isoflavone. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to investigate the variation of anthocyanin, and isoflavone contents in Korean domestic black soybean cultivars grown at different latitudinal locations, Suwon (37°16'N) and Milyang (35°30'N). D3G, C3G, and total anthocyanins in Geomjeongkong # 3, C3G, and total anthocyanins in Ilpumgeomjeongkong grown at higher latitudinal Suwon were higher compared to lower latitudinal Milyang. Daidzein, glycitein, genistein, and total isoflavone contents in Gemjeongkong # 4 were highest among the seven cultivars. Daidzein contents in Gemjeongkong # 3, Milyang # 112, and Milyang # 113 grown at higher latitudinal Suwon were higher compared to lower latitudinal Milyang. Glycitein contents in Gemjeongkong # 3, and # 4 grown at higher latitudinal Suwon were higher Milyang while that in Milyang # 113 grown at lower latitudinal Milyang was higher compared to higher latitudinal Suwon. Genistein contents in most black soybean cultivars except Milyang # 113, and total isoflavone contents in Gemjeongkong # 4 and Cheongjakong grown at lower latitudinal Milyang were higher compared to higher latitudinal Suwon. The variations of anthocyanin except Pt3G and isoflavone contents seemed to be affected by environmental conditions like different latitude than the genotype because they showed the significant interaction between cultivars and locations.

Crude protein is about 40% in soybean seed, and oil extracted from soybean seeds is one of the major vegetable oils. Also soybean oil is a good source of essential fatty acids, and sugars in soybean seed is composed of water-soluble saccharides, and most of them are oligosaccharide namely sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose. Although the production of soybean decreased in Korea, the consumption of soybean increased in recent time because soybean is well known as a well-being and healthy food. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to know the variation of crude protein, crude oil, fatty acids, and sugar contents in Korean domestic black soybean cultivars grown at different latitudinal locations, Suwon (37°16'N) and Milyang (35°30'N). In most black soybean cultivars, oleic acid content was higher, while linoleic acid, or linolenic acid contents were lower at higher latitudinal Suwon compared to lower latitudinal Milyang. Sucrose content in Geomjeongkong # 3, raffinose contents in Gemjeongkongkong # 3, # 4, Ilpumgeomjeongkong, and Cheongjakong, and stachyose content in Gemjeongkong # 1 grown at lower latitudinal Milyang was higher compared to higher latitudinal Suwon. The variations of crude protein, crude oil and fatty acids contents seemed to be affected by genotype than growing locations according to different latitude as they did not show the significant interaction between cultivars and locations. In contrast, the variations of glucose, sucrose, and stachyose contents maybe affected by environmental condition as different latitude than the genotype because they showed the significant interaction between cultivars and locations.

NIR spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis after the appropriate spectral data pre-treatment has been proved to be a very powerful tool for judgment of the relative pattern of the objects that have very similar properties. In this study, 500 GMO soybean seeds and, 500 non-GMO ones were measured in NIR reflectance mode. Principal component analysis (PCA), and discriminant analysis (DA) were applied to classify soybean with different genes into two groups (GMO and non-GMO). Calibrations were developed using DA regression with the cross-validation technique. The results show that differences between GMO and non-GMO soybeans do exist and excellent classification can be obtained after optimizing spectral pre-treatment. The raw spectra with DA model after the second derivative pre-treatment had the best satisfactory calibration and prediction abilities, with 97% accuracy. The results in the present study show NIR spectroscopy together with chemometrics techniques could be used to differentiate GMO soybean, which offers the benefit of avoiding time-consuming, costly and laborious chemical and sensory analysis.

The petals of edible rose contains diverse component, such as cratgolic acid, malic acid, vitamin C, B2, flavonoids, and lactons. The petals of edible rose are also known to have pharmaceutical effects. They have been used in the treatment of cardiac insufficiency, coronary heart disease, hyperpiesia and inflammatory disease only in folk remedies. Also, the petals of edible rose have various colors, such as red, pink, purple, blue, green, black, white, and yellow. Maybe, such color pigmentations are due to accumulation of anthocyanins, chlorophylls, flavonoids, and various combinations of breakdown products of these pigments. Despite many research on rose, report on the exact composition of anthocyanins in petal of edible rose is limited. Therefore, the objective of this study is to isolate and identify the anthocyanins in red petals of edible rose (Rosa hybrida cv. Noblered). Major anthocyanin pigments of the red petals in edible rose were extracted with 0.5% HCl - 20% MeOH for 24hrs. at room temperature, and purified using C18 open-column chromatography and prep-HPLC method. Two major anthocyanins were isolated, and their chemical structures were identified by spectroscopic methods (UV-VIS, LC-MS, and NMR). The λmax of anthocyanin 1 was 512nm, and m/z = 611[M+], while anthocyanin 2 had maximum absorbance at 501nm, and m/z = 595[M+], resulting in the two compounds are different. The complete structures of these anthocyanins were elucidated as cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside, and pelargonidin-3,5-diglucoside, respectively.

Black soybeans, which have been widely utilized as food and as material for Oriental medicine, contain anthocyanins in the seed coat. Soybean seeds with black seed coat and green cotyledon are called “Seoritae” in Korea. Korean customer prefer “Seoritae” to normal black soybean with yellow cotyledon. The pigments contained in green cotyledon of black soybeans were chlorophylls and lutein. These constituents function as antioxidant and protect humans against diverse damages. The purpose of this study was to investigate the most suitable extraction condition and method of green cotyledon pigments in black soybeans. The green cotyledon pigments were analyzed on RP-HPLC with C18 column using gradient system. The gradient system was used two mobile phases. A gradient elution was performed with mobile phase A, consisting of 100% MeOH, and mobile phase B, consisting of 100% EtOAc. Among the 4 kinds of extraction method using methanol and/or acetone solution, ultrasonic extraction at 30 min. using acetone solution was most suitable extraction condition for simultaneous analysis of chlorophylls and lutein in soybean with green cotyledon.