Limestone powder can be used for concrete as a partial replacement of Portland cement so that concrete becomes more environment-friendly construction material. One of the great applications of limestone powder added cement concrete might be a cement concrete pavement since the concrete pavement consumes massive quantity of Portland cement. However, it has been reported recently that Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) occurs on the cement concrete pavement causing a serious damage. This study investigates the resistance of limestone powder added cement mortar to ASR. The mortar used very high reactive silicious aggregate for accelerated ASR. Experimental procedures followed ASTM C 1260 and variables included different replacement levels of limestone powder in the mortar mix.

Characteristics of the transesterification reaction between triglycerides in soy bean oil and methanol were investigated in the presence of acid catalysts. such as sulfuric acid and PTS (p-toluene sulfonic acid). Concentrations of diglyceride and monoglyceride which were intermediates in the reaction mixtures, were far below 10% of triglyceride under any reaction conditions. Thus, conversion of the reaction could be determined from the concentration of triglyceride. Dried PTS had more superior catalytic power than sulfuric acid for transesterification reaction between soy bean oil and methanol. When transesterification reaction of soy bean oil was catalyzed by 1 wt% of PTS at methanol stoichiometric mole ratio of 2 and 65℃, final conversion reached 95% within 48 hours. If FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) was added into reaction mixture of soy bean oil, methanol and PTS catalyst, it converted reaction mixture into homogeneous phase, and substantially increased reaction rate. When reaction mixture was freely boiling which had equal volumetric amount of FAME to soy bean oil, methanol stoichiometric mole ratio of 2 and 1 wt% of PTS, final conversion achieved value of 94% and temperature approached to 110℃ within 2 hours.

The properties of biosorption of dye(Rhodmine B) was investigated to figure out the effects of temperature as a function of dye concentration and sludge concentration by the Langmuir and Lagergen adsorption model. It was found that the uptake capacity of biosorption was increased at low temperature. The Langmuir adsorption model was found suitable for describing the biosorption of the dye. The experimental results indicated that the dye uptake process followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics.

The effects of reaction temperature, SO_2 and CO_2 concentration in an air gas stream, particle sizes of limestone on the reactivity and capacity of SO_2 removal have been determined in a thermogravimetric analyser(TGA). The apparent reaction order of sulfation reaction of pre-calcined lime(CaO) with respect to SO_2 is found to be close to unity. The apparent activation energies are found to be 17,000 ㎉/kmol for sulfation of pre-calcined lime and 19,500 ㎉/kmol for direct sulfation of limestone(CaCO_3). The initial sulfation reaction rate of pre-calcined lime increases with increasing temperature, whereas the sulfur capture capacity exhibits a maximum value at 900℃. In direct sulfation of limestone, sulfation reactivity and sulfur capature capacity of sorbent increase with increasing temperature and decreasing CO_2 concentration in a gas bulk stream. The main pore of pre-calcined lime is shifted to the larger pore sizes and pore volume decreases with increasing sulfation time and temperature. The surface area of lime decreases with increasing calcination temperature under an air atmosphere, whereas is rearly constant under a CO_2(5, 10%) atmosphere in a gas stream.