대중성 및 공공성이 확보된 작품 제작을 위하여 사람들이 어느 정도 화훼장식물을 좋아하고 느끼는지를 알아보기 위하여 최근에 환경 관련 디자인 분야에서 널리 사용되고 있는 환경 심리학적 접근 방법에 의한 시각적 선호성 및 이미지 특성 파악을 위해 시도된 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 이미지 특성 분석 에서는 화훼장식물의 전체에 대한 이미지 통계 결과 ‘자연적’, ‘질서 있는’, ‘통일감’, 이 높게 나타났으며, 반면 ‘깨끗한’, ‘아름다운’ 이 낮게 나타났다. 이는 인공적인 도시에서의 화훼장식물이 도시 미관에 자연미와 통일감을 부여하는 경관요소로 조화롭게 연출 되어져 이미지가 높게 평가 되었고, ‘깨끗한’, ‘아름다운’의 이미지는 상대적으로 낮게 나타나고 있는데, 이는 기존의 화훼장식물이 지속적인 관리체계가 이루어지지 않아 도시 미관을 떨어뜨리는 이미지로 인식된 결과로 보인다. 2. 화훼장식물이 지닌 이미지 특성을 분석하기 위하여 실시된 인자분석 결과, 화훼장식물의 이미지 인자는 총 4개의 인자로 추출되었으며, 인자 1은 ‘미관성’으로, 인자 2는 ‘정연감’으로, 인자 3은 ‘중량감’ 으로 설정하였으며, 인자 4는 화훼장식물에서 나타나는 심리적 이미지, 안정성, 친밀감 등과 관계되는 ‘친숙감’으로 설정하였다. 3, 4개의 인자들의 인자점수(Factor Score)를 이용한 유형별 산술평균 결과, 미관성 인자와 정연감 인자에서는 모두 유형 Ⅲ이 가장 높게 나타나 입체조형물이 시각적인 효과가 가장 크게 나타났는데, 이는 입체조형물에 연출된 화훼장식물의 질서와 통일감으로 인한 시각적인 효과가 큰 것으로 분석되었다 한편 중량감 인자와 친숙감 인자에서는 공히 유형 I이 높게 나타났는데, 이는 화단에 식재된 화훼장식물로서 장방형의 형태에서 오는 안정감에 기인한 것이며, 한편으로는 예전부터 우리 주변에 있어온 형태의 친숙감에 기인한 것으로 판단된다. 4. 외부공간에 연출된 화훼장식물의 시각적 선호도를 분석한 결과, 친환경성, 「스토리텔링 기법」등의 공감대를 형성이 중요한 것으로 보이며 화훼장식물이 외부공간에서의 역할을 주변경관과의 어울림의 고려가 필수적인 것으로 사료된다. 5. 시각적 선호도와 화훼장식물의 이미지와의 다중회귀분석 결과, 유형 I과 유형 Ⅱ에서도 미관성 인자가 높게 나온 반면 유형 Ⅲ에서는 정연감 인자가 가장 높았는데 이는 전반적으로 화훼장식물에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 인자로의, 미관성 인자의 중요성을 보여주는 것이며 화훼장식물의 선호도를 높이기 위하여 화훼장식물의 조형미를 높일 수 있는 디자인적 연출이 필요한 것으로 판단된다. 6. 외부공간과의 시각적 조화성을 분석한 결과, 시각적 조화도를 보인 작품들 대부분이 유형 Ⅲ의 입체 조형물에 연출된 화훼장식물로서, 선정된 작품들 또한 색채, 재료, 크기, 형태, 위치에서 고르게 높은 평가를 받은 것을 볼 때, 화훼장식물을 연출시 작품의 완성도를 높이려면 고른 조화성이 필요한 것으로 분석된다. 7. 화훼장식물 전체에 대한 다중회귀분석 결과, 유형 I에서는 색채의 조화가 , 유형 Ⅱ와 유형 Ⅲ는 각각 위치의 조화가 가장 높게 나타났는데 이러한 결과는 컨테이너에 식재된 화훼장식물은, 이동이 가능한 가변성이 있는 작품으로 주변 환경과 컨테이너에 식재된 화훼장식물과의 조화성에 기인한 것으로 분석되었으며, 주변 환경과의 조화가 가장 잘 이루어져 완성도에 결정적인 역할을 한다는 것으로 분석되었다. 따라서, 본 연구는 옥외 화훼장식물의 유형을 3가지로 구분하여 연구를 수행한 바 감상자들이 원하는 화훼장식물의 형태는 목적 공간에 맞는 적극적인 연출형태인 것으로 나타났듯이, 이제 화훼 장식물의 역할은 단순히 지표의 역할을 하는 기능적인 역할 뿐만 아니라 도시 미관을 아름답게 하는 공공예술로 정착되어 가고 있음을 알 수 있다. 하지만 이결과에 부합하기 위하여 향후 개선해야 할점도 적지 않음을 알수 있다. 시대적 트랜드에 맞는 형태의 디자인 개발과 화훼류의 선택및 이용방안 연구 또한 필연적 과제임을 인식하게 된다. 앞으로 본 연구의 결과가 향후 아름다운 도시 경관에서의 녹(綠)과 화(花)의 제2의 창출과 화훼예술의 대중적 기여를 목표로 한 외부 화훼장식을 위한 디자인 기획과 연출시, 이용자 선호도 반영및 주변 경관과의조화성 기준을 제시하는 근거자료로 활용되고 더 나아가서 아름다운 도시를 창조하는데 기여 할 수 있기를 기대해 본다.

The purpose of this study is to provide suitable outdoor spaces for Korean elderly, examining characteristics and types of existing outdoor spaces and presenting design guideline of outdoor space for elderly. To do this, this study examined previous research papers and scholastic writings, related to elderly housing, and analyzed twelve cases of elderly housing complex. Additionally evaluation of usage pattern and physical trace carried out on twelve cases. As a result, first, the study showed that outdoor spaces for elderly were classified 5 types; entrance area of housing complex, building entrance area, outdoor living area, in & outdoor neutral area, and parking lots. Outdoor living area is subdivided into residents' public space, green space, health & sports space and landscape space. Characteristics of outdoor space are deeply related to safety, amenity, recognition and efficiency. Second, types of outdoor space in elderly facilities are very limited in verity, just facilitating with rest space, sport space, and garden space. Third, from a standpoint of barrier-free-design, twelve cases are not carefully concerning about outdoor space for elderly.

The work of hairdressers includes washing, coloring, bleaching, permanent waving, conditioning, and cutting hair. Hairdressers are subjected to a number of physical and toxicological hazards. The toxicological hazards are those resulting from exposure to a wide range of chemicals that are usually classified active processes. In this study, twenty beauty shops were selected to assess the exposure to indoor air pollutants such as VOCs and particulate matter (PM10) during one month from September 1 to September 30, 2003. Indoor air quality of beauty shops might be worse by vehicle emissions because the beauty shops were generally located near roadways. Personal exposures to VOCs and PM10 were related to indoor concentrations of beauty shops. According to the questionnaire, hairdressers complained of sore throat, eye irritation, and nervousness as physical symptoms. The measured mean concentrations of respiratory particulates were 30.5ng/㎥ in indoor, 30.5ng/㎥in outdoor and 44.0ng/㎥ on personal levels. The personal concentration was found higher than indoor and outdoor concentrations. The heavy metals mean concentrations were shown as indoor (Na>Zn>Cr), outdoor (Cr>Zn>Pb), and personal (Na>Cr>Zn) levels. Conclusively, customers as well as workers in the beauty shops might be highly exposed to air pollutants from indoor and outdoor sources. Therefore, proper management should be taken to improve the indoor air quality in beauty shops.

The number of cases exceeding environmental standards of atmospheric ozone in the major cities in Korea has steadily increased during the past decades. In order to understand and analyze the atmospheric reactions in the atmosphere, especially the secondary photochemical reactions, smog chambers studies have been performed very actively by many research groups worldwide. However, these studies have focused on the mechanism of photochemical reactions in high concentration conditions, not at the ambient levels. Therefore, in-depth studies in these conditions are essentially needed to realize exact mechanism in the atmosphere near the earth surface, especially at Korean atmospheric conditions. In this experiment, the mechanism of photochemical smog was examined through a comparative experiment of smog chambers under sun light and black light conditions. The results of our study indicated that concentrations of ozone, aldehyde, and PAN increased as the radiation of light source increases. Photochemical reaction patterns can be considered quite similar for both black light and sun light experiments. Based on our experiments using toluene as a reactant which is present at significant high levels in ambient air relative to other VOCs, it was found that toluene could contribute notably to oxidize NO to NO2, this reaction can eventually generate some other photochemical oxidants such as ozone, aldehyde, and PAN. The results of simulation and experiments generally showed a good agreement quite well except for the case of O3. The restriction of oxidization of NO to NO2 seems to cause this difference, which is mainly from the reaction of peroxy radical itself and other reactants in the real gas.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are present in essentially all natural and synthetic materials from petrol to flowers. In this study, indoor and outdoor VOCs concentrations of houses, offices and internet-cafes were measured and compared simultaneously with personal exposures of each 50 participants in Asan and Seoul, respectively. Also, factors that influence personal VOCs exposure were statistically analyzed using questionnaires in relation to house characteristics, time activities, and health effects. All VOCs concentrations were measured by OVM passive samplers (3M) and analyzed with GC/MS. Target pollutants among VOCs were Toluene, o-Xylene, m/p-Xylene, Ethylbenzene, MIBK, n-Octane, Styrene, Trichloroethylene, and 1,2-Dichlorobenzene. Indoor and outdoor VOCs concentrations measured in Seoul were significantly higher than those in Asan except Ethylbenzene. Residential indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios for all target compounds ranged from 0.94 to 1.51 and I/O ratios of Asan were a little higher than those of Seoul. Relationship between personal VOCs exposure, and indoor and outdoor VOCs concentrations suggested that time-activity pattern could affect the high exposure to air pollutant. Factors that influence indoor VOCs level and personal exposure with regard to house characteristics in houses were building age, inside smoking and house type. In addition insecticide and cosmetics interestingly affected the VOCs personal exposure. Higher exposure to VOCs might be caused to be exciting increase and memory reduction, considering the relationship between measured VOCs concentrations and questionnaire (p<0.05).

Dust samples were collected from 17 middle and high schools in the Jeonju-city. Heavy metal concentrations were determined for the dry-deposited dusts from indoor and outdoor of classroom and playground of each sampling site. Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in indoor's dusts were highly concentrated. Also heavy metal concentrations in outdoor's dusts were similar to that of indoor's dusts. Concentrations of Cd, Cu and Zn in the dusts were much higher than the world average contents in soil and environmental orientation value. These levels are similar to those of the dust samples at middle schools located at Kangseo-gu and Yangchon-gu, Seoul. Playground dusts in 6 schools exhibited the enhanced heavy metal pollution with a pollution index (by Kloke) greater than 1.0. Most indoor and outdoor dusts exhibited the enhanced heavy metal pollution with a pollution index (by Culbard et al.) greater than 1.0.

Chloroform present in the swimming water disinfected with sodium hypochlorite is released to the air of swimming pools. The air chloroform concentrations were measured in two swimming pools A and B which applied both sodium hypochlorite and ozone. Their mean concentrations are 28.0 ㎎/㎥ and 33.6 ㎍/㎥ in the swimming pools A and B, respectively. On the other hand, the mean water chloroform concentrations in the swimming pools A and B were 23.9 ㎍/ℓ and 19.5 ㎍/ℓ, respectively. The air chloroform concentrations were lower in the swimming pools A and B than those reported by previous studies abroad employed the swimming pools which applied sodium hypochlorte only for water disinfection. The water chloroform concentrations were also lower in this study than in the previous studies. The relationship between the air and water chloroform concentrations measured in this study was significant with p=0.002 and R^2=O.42. At similar time to the indoor air sampling, outdoor air samples were collected at two sites near each of the swimming pools A and B. The mean outdoor air chloroform concentrations near the swimming pools A and B were 0.41 ㎍/㎥ and 0.16 ㎍/㎥, respectively. The outdoor air chloroform concentrations measured in this study were equal to or lower than those reported by previous studies abroad. The chloroform dose inhaled for a typical one-hour swim was estimated to be 25.9 ㎍ per person, corresponding to a specific 0.37 ㎍/㎏ body weight. for a reference 70 ㎏ male adult, while the inh lation dose of chloroform from the outdoor air was estimated to be 5.6 ㎍ per person per day, corresponding to a specific 0.08 ㎍/㎏/day for the same reference male adult.