본 논문에서는 히니가 어떻게 저장소로서의 의미와 아일랜드의 집단적 기억이 퇴적된 공간으로서의 의미를 가지고 있는 늪의 이미지를 통해 북아일랜드에서 일어나는 폭력에 대해 사유했는지 보여주고 있다. 늪 시편에서 시인은 고고학자가 되 어 늪을 발굴하면서 늪에 있는 희생자를 다시 끄집어내어 이들이 자신의 행위에 대한 심판을 받게 한다. 이러한 발견의 과정은 또한 히니가 1974년 에세이 “Feeling into Words”에서 썼듯 시적 창작 과정에 대한 은유이기도 하다. “The Tollund Man,” “Punishment,”와 “Kinship”이라는 시에서 히니는 과거와 현재의 폭력을 나란히 비교하 면서 어떻게 두 시대에서 (더 이상 유효하지 않은) 믿음에 기반한 폭력이 자행되는지 보여준다.

Ergong language, also known as Stau or Hor language, is one of the Tibeto-Burman languages spoken in the western part of Sichuan and the upper reaches of the Dadu River. This paper focuses on the Rangtang County dialectal region of Ergong language in the northern “Jiarong group” to introduce the basic situation of the kinship terms in Rangtang County’s Ergong language. It is pointed out that the kinship term system in this dialectal region can be divided into five levels, including ancestor, father, self, child, and grandchild. The analysis from the aspect of word formation shows that there are distinctions in terms of age, gender, and other aspects in the semantic elements, semantic positions, and semantic combinations of this language. Finally, the deep-seated conceptual consciousness of this ethnic group, which includes a focus on the status of the core family, harmonious kinship relationships, gender differences, and the combination of “close to close,” is extracted from the language. These deep-seated consciousnesses embedded in kinship relations constitute people’s entire cognitive world.

The “古今釋林” (Gugjin Seoknim) compiled by the Korean scholar Yi Yifeng (1732-1801) is a comprehensive and systematic compilation of various language dictionaries from the pre-19th century Joseon period that recorded Hanja (Chinese character) vocabulary. This analysis focuses on the entries found in “古今 釋林·東韓譯語·釋親”, which includes words related to Hanja characters. These entries consist of words that have the same literal meaning as their Hanja characters, such as “阿父, 别室”, words that borrow Hanja characters’ phonetics for annotation, like “阿兒, 南人”, and words that borrow Hanja characters’ forms and meanings to create vocabulary expressing native Korean culture, like “兩主, 冷背拜”. This paper investigates the phonetic Hanja character words borrowed for annotation in the Korean language and combines them with phonetic analysis, revealing the transitional phase of using Hanja for phonetic representation and the coexistence of Hanja and the Korean language during that time. The adaptation of Hanja characters’ forms and meanings to create Korean terms enriches our understanding of the Hanja vocabulary created during the Joseon period. By comparing and analyzing the similarities and differences in the meanings and definitions of Hanja characters in both Korean and Chinese, this study offers a deeper and more comprehensive analysis of the diversity of Hanja’s usage during the Joseon period and its impact on modern Chinese and modern Korean.

This paper considers a paternity and kinship analysis system(PKAS) being currently used in real sites. A knowledge-based expert system is proposed to improve the performance of PKAS in terms of accuracy, speed, training time, and satisfaction, which are common measures for evaluation. The knowledge base, one of the most important components in the knowledge-based expert system(KBES), consists of a rule made from random matching algorithm, decision rules of allele types and guide rules of options. The last two rules are learning incrementally from sample data. The results show that PKAS armed with the expert system ensures the better performance with regard to these criteria than the existing system. Especially as far as speed is concerned, as the sample size increases, it outperforms the existing one. As the number of samples increases, while processing time increases nearly exponentially in the existing PKAS, it does linearly in our proposed system.