Based on Hanhan Mingwen Dayupian, The Great Chinese Dictionary and Sea of Chinese Characters, Using “font, use, interpretation, pronunciation, order of the five seek each other” method of word examination, this paper conducts a textual research on some difficult characters Contemporary Large-sized Dictionaries in Radical “Che”. The difficult characters to be interpreted mainly include those with incorrect interpretation, unclear interpretation, phonetic errors, incorrect transcription of characters, incorrect identification of variant characters, undifferentiated homographs, common and erroneous characters that have not been communicated with the correct characters, and those that can be supplemented and corrected based on existing interpretation conclusions.

There are differences in allusion word type between handed down documents and unearthed documents which always go through the process of morphological diversification. Then take 3 allusion words in the epitaph as examples to introduce. First, the common allusion Longquan (龍泉) in the epitaph in Tang dynasty use the factual allusion pointing to the death meaning words by figurative rhetoric. Second, the idiom Zhang Shang Ming Zhu (掌上明珠) use up to now Which exist two typys Weizhu (韋珠) and Zhang Zhong Zhu(掌中珠), however Weizhu (韋珠) is the illusion origion. Third, word example in poems Hanshu (寒樹) pointed to trees in autumn derive the sad meaning in the past dynasties, which influences the comtemporary understanding including annotation in Chinese textbooks nowadays.

The study of Xuanying’s DaTangZhongJingYinYi originated in the Qing Dynasty and has yielded rich research results to this day, involving multiple academic fields. By reviewing over 200 relevant research papers, theses, and academic monographs both domestically and internationally, and categorizing them from the perspectives of philology, linguistics, and comprehensive research, the overall research situation of Xuanying’s DaTangZhongJingYinYi in the academic community over the past century can be systematically organized. It can be found that the research focus of Xuanying’s DaTangZhongJingYinYi has changed under the influence of disciplinary specialization. Promoting the construction of Chinese Phonology and Semantics that combines form, sound, and meaning is beneficial for the further development of the study of Xuanying’s DaTangZhongJingYinYi.

Guangxi is located in the southwest, with multi-ethnic settlements and complex language components. Chinese is mainly spoken in Southwest Mandarin and Cantonese, while also including small dialects of Min, Xiang, and Hakka. The Zhuang language is the most widely used minority language. This language pattern is also widely reflected in various volumes of Guangxi local chronicles, where dialects and language contact can be seen in many places. The article selects five sets of famous objects and words from the volume of “Products” in Guangxi Old Gazetteer, and comprehensively uses methods such as character recognition, comparative analysis, and contextual interpretation to conduct research. The conclusion is helpful for reading local chronicles, studying Chinese history, and revising Chinese dictionaries.

When examining the characteristics of ancient local chronicles compilation, it is evident that subsequent chronicles are often compiled on the basis of their predecessors, leading to a phenomenon of imitation. Therefore, a cautious approach should be taken towards the dialectal and colloquial materials recorded within them. Indeed, from the perspective of exploring the evolution of phonetics and vocabulary, the dialectal materials provided by ancient local chronicles do have certain limitations, and researchers need to adopt an attitude of “careful caution, to remove the dross and retain the essence, to verify and correct errors.” However, from the viewpoint of modern Chinese character research, the continuation of later chronicles from earlier ones is not merely simple copying. On the contrary, there are often differences in character usage, and these variant characters actually contain rich linguistic and textual information, which is also valuable for the revision of large-scale linguistic dictionaries. However, there is currently less attention given to the value of variant characters in ancient local chronicles. This paper examines two cases of dialect vocabulary variants in the old chronicles of Zaoyang, Hubei, including the “汆壺廬” from the 1853 edition of the chronicles during the Xianfeng era and the “氼壺盧” from the 1854 edition. Additionally, it discusses the two types of chronicles from the Xianfeng era, “ 黍” and the “萄黍” from the 1923 edition of the chronicles, exploring the reasons for the emergence of these variants and seeking insights from experts in the field.

Cognitive point of view is the focus of attention that people observe objects based on their life experiences, customs and habits, including front view, side view, perspective view, etc. Chinese characters originated from pictures and symbols. Han characters originated from pictures and marks, among which, hieroglyphic characters are created by the method of “painting the object and interrogating it according to the body”, inheriting and preserving most of the characteristics of primitive pictures, which are the most powerful and preserving the cognitive focus of the forefathers at that time. This paper starts from the hieroglyphic system of Shuowen (説文), combines the theories of experiential philosophy of cognitive linguistics and visual perception in art to explore the cognitive viewpoints of the forefathers when they made the hieroglyphic characters and the reasons for it, and categorizes the cognitive viewpoints of hieroglyphic characters of Shuowen (説文) to further deepen the understanding of hieroglyphic characters.

This study employs Generative AI and computational linguistics techniques to analyze the correspondence between modern Korean and Chinese HAN-character sounds. The research focuses on 5,978 characters categorized by difficulty levels, aiming to confirm systematic phonological correspondence patterns. Method: The study utilizes advanced computational methods to examine the phonological relationships between Korean and Chinese characters. It categorizes the characters based on difficulty levels and analyzes their sound patterns. Results: The research confirms high-consistency patterns in Korean onset-Chinese initial and Korean coda-Chinese final mappings. It also identifies complex relationships between Korean vowels and Chinese vowels. The study reveals that Chinese exhibits greater syllable type diversity compared to Korean. Additionally, it finds slightly higher correspondence rates for ‘basic’ characters compared to ‘advanced’ ones, though the overall difference is not substantial. Conclusions: Based on these findings, the study proposes language learning strategies that prioritize high-consistency patterns for foundational phonological correspondence. It recommends adopting gradual approaches for complex correspondences and incorporating phonological knowledge into education. This approach aims to help learners understand commonalities and differences between the two language systems. The research offers insights for Korean language education and HAN-character vocabulary learning. It suggests that consistent learning strategies can be developed regardless of character difficulty. Future research directions include developing AI-based personalized learning systems and conducting longitudinal studies on learners' acquisition of correspondence rules. This study introduces an innovative methodology integrating Generative AI with computational linguistics for phonological analysis. It potentially enhances HAN-character vocabulary education and represents a new paradigm for language education research.

The Tay people are the ethnic minority with the largest population in Viet Nam. Over the long history of their development, along with the development and improvement of their language, the Tay people have gradually created a type of writing system using the graphic, phonetic, and semantic elements of Chinese characters in combination with indigenous phonetic and linguistic elements, to create the system that is called the Nom-Tay script or the Nom script of the Tay ethnic group. Traditional Tay literature is mainly recorded in this Nom - Tay script. The article is based on the text of the work “Han vuong Luu Bang” written in Nom - Tay script currently archived at the Institute of Sino Nom Studies (Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences) to survey and analyze types of writing and understand the “caodian fuhao” ( ) used to write Chinese and Nom characters in these documents. Thereby, the article tries to affirm the important role and rich appearance of Chinese characters and Chinese character units in Vietnamese Nom-Tay texts.

The Yongzhai Library (庸齋文庫) edition of Gujin Shilin (古今釋林) was compiled by Korean scholar Lee Ui-bong (李義鳳) on the basis of additional annotation of Zheng Baoweng (鄭抱翁)’s Ximen Yulu (溪門語錄解) Annotation by searching Zhuzi (朱子)’s quotations, etc., learning dialect and common sayings, local pronunciation, official reading, imitated ErYa (爾雅), and annotated more than 21000 Chinese characters from more than 1500 ancient books. This book has important research value in the following aspects: ①from the perspective of language research, it has ideal data for studying the formation and construction of early vernacular Chinese compound words; ②from the perspective of dictionary compilation, it can be used as the earliest Chinese vernacular language dictionary published in the middle of the Choson Period; ③from the perspective of cross-cultural language dissemination, it reflects the characteristics of the times and the different ways of national thinking of words.

This article focuses on the kanji learning textbook “小野篁歌字盡”, which was published in the Edo period. This textbook was used by the learning and education institution Terakoya. However, the kanji it contains are complicated for beginners. In addition, the book has a training pronunciation, so it is clear how the words were pronounced at that time. Although “小野篁歌字盡” was complex, it was revised repeatedly and used until the end of Edo period. These revisions were made in accordance with the educational requirements of the time. In other words, the revisions of “小野篁歌字盡” and its contents reflect the educational and living conditions of Japan at that time. The kanji learning materials of Terakoya include “名盡” (a kanji learning material for names), “千字文”, and “国盡” (a kanji learning material for regional names). In addition, moral education is conducted using “the Analects of Confucius” and “Daxue”. So, what role did the “小野篁歌字盡” play in education? In this article, we will also introduce “小野篁歌字盡”, which was collected by Shiga’s Jishusai and Sakai City’s Seigakuin. The Edo period in Japan was the period when the Tokugawa Shogunate ruled the country after a long period of war and lasted for about 260 years. In particular, after the Shimabara Rebellion (1637), the samurai lost their role as warriors and the structure of rule changed. Ruling required political power rather than force. This created a particular need for education. Against this backdrop of the times, “小野篁歌字盡” was published.

Ergong language, also known as Stau or Hor language, is one of the Tibeto-Burman languages spoken in the western part of Sichuan and the upper reaches of the Dadu River. This paper focuses on the Rangtang County dialectal region of Ergong language in the northern “Jiarong group” to introduce the basic situation of the kinship terms in Rangtang County’s Ergong language. It is pointed out that the kinship term system in this dialectal region can be divided into five levels, including ancestor, father, self, child, and grandchild. The analysis from the aspect of word formation shows that there are distinctions in terms of age, gender, and other aspects in the semantic elements, semantic positions, and semantic combinations of this language. Finally, the deep-seated conceptual consciousness of this ethnic group, which includes a focus on the status of the core family, harmonious kinship relationships, gender differences, and the combination of “close to close,” is extracted from the language. These deep-seated consciousnesses embedded in kinship relations constitute people’s entire cognitive world.

The oracle bone script is an ideograph that represents an idea or concept rather than a word or speech sound in general. The ‘ten writings’ means the ten methods used to create characters, to show how ideographs to express a concrete subject and an abstract concept. Ten Writings includes (1) character’s form picturing (象形), (2) form marking (指事), (3) form-form resembling (比喻), (4) form narrating (敘事), (5) form-pattern transferring (字式), (6) form-form modifying (偏正), (7) form-form suggesting (轉注), (8) form borrowing (形借), (9) form-meaning borrowing (意借), (10) form-sound borrowing (音借). The traditional six-fold classification scheme (Six Writings) was originally popularised in the 2nd century CE, is not a guide for the reader on how to decipher an unknown bone script. Ten Writings (十書) system is not a theorization analysis, is an operation manual to deciphering the oracle bone scripts, illustrated through some specific instances below. A script called “Yi, 以” ( , later , turned 90 degrees to show properly, similarly hereinafter) shows “a worm ( ) which has a big head and a long tail and a woman ( )”, it is understood as the “woman looking after the worm”. Later, its simplified form is a “worm ( )” only, which is from （ ）and means “worm totem people”. It is common to find a shape with more than two functions in Chinese characters. Therefore, this script Yi of “using worm for silk and cloths” extends “use”, “by means of” and “with”, it sounds Yi. In other perspective, the “worm” also means “(cloths process) start” and “begin”. And “(the silk people) looks like each other” and “similar”, so the “worm” is also a symbol of “similar”. Because the costume worn by people in ancient times was a nation identification. The same word “worm” for “start” and “similar” sounds Si (silk). The Chinese word for silk also sounds Si. In a worm totem perspective, the script Si means “worm people”. Similarly, the script for “sheep people” is represented as a man wearing a headdress of sheep horns. In addition, the worm character may be pictured from silkworm, later the proper noun “silkworm” was used as the general term “worm”. Now the character “worm” includes worm, insect and snake, even some animals. The variant of Si ( , “worm”) is written as ( , , , “worm”), which are the same as ( , , ) being used for a tribe name. When a common script may be simplely written as ( , “worm”), if a same script for tribal name may be decoratively written as ( ), as the word of the name are written in capital letter. The tribal name Si 以 ( ) is the surname of the Xia dynasty royal family Si 姒 in the Classic of Shiji 史記, the bone text “Xia Si 下以” is the Xia Si 夏姒for the Xia dynasty in the classics. The Shang oracle bone script for the idea BORROW is shown as an ideogram (Jia 假, ) combining a pictogram SHOULDERING-HOE (荷, “farming”, “carrying”) and a pictogram SUN, it together suggests a third scene “under the sun a woman carries a hoe to irrigate the rice fields”, meaning “farming”, “peasant”; in other perspective “borrow sunlight to farm”. The Jia 假and Xia 夏 were one word, and the bone texts for the Jia 假 are about the Xia River 夏水where the Xia dynasty lived.

The character Qian (䙴) first appeared in oracle bone inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, it meant relocation or migration. During the Warring States period, its meaning extended and its written form differentiated. The original character Qian (䙴) often represented QianXing, a form of punishment by exile, and the differentiated character Qian (遷) took on the meaning of relocation or migration originally carried by Qian (䙴). In Qin and Han legal documents, Qian (䙴) and Qian (遷) had clearly defined functions, but in other Qin and Han texts, there was a phenomenon of functional overlap between them. In the later Western Han period, these two characters underwent functional merger, with Qian (遷) assuming all functions and Qian (䙴) gradually disappearing. The reasons for the function changes can be attributed to the frequent migration activities during the Qin Dynasty, the culture and psychology of seeking auspiciousness and avoiding misfortune, the pursuit of clear semantic representation in writing, and the dynamic adjustment of the Chinese character functional system.

As a component of Chinese vulgar characters, the character wen (文) not only serves symbolic functions but also conveys ideographic meanings. Furthermore, its dissemination has led to the emergence of numerous Chinese vulgar characters incorporating the wen (文) components. According to the unearthed literature, the inherited literature and the extraterritorial literature, the wen (文) components exhibits more than ten functions, categorized into three types: symbolic function, combined symbolic and ideographic function, and ideographic function. The former two types primarily reflect its inheritance in neighboring countries, while the latter indicates its diffusion beyond the region. Overall, although the function of the wen (文) component is generally consistent outside its native the domain, it has engendered new forms of vulgar characters, thereby broadening the repertoire of Chinese characters, and these vulgar characters are not devoid of rationale. Analyzing its developmental trajectory and dissemination bears significance for understanding the history of Chinese character evolution and dissemination.