The paper introduces KorLex, Korean WordNet, which uses Princeton WordNet (PWN) as a reference model as well as a pivot that provides KorLex with the multilingual interface. Sub-section 2.1 describes the background for which we intended to build KorLex by ourselves, and the motivations for which we selected PWN as a reference model among other wordnets. Sub-sections 2.2 and 2.3 deal with the semantic features that share both PWN and KorLex, and the linguistic features that we attach to KorLex in order to improve Korean Language Processing (KLP). Section 3 presents two representative applications of KorLex in the field of Natural Language Processing: (1) in KLP environment, <Korean Spell/Grammar Checker (KSGC)> that we have developed for the last 30 years, and for which we decided to elaborate KorLex version 1.5 and to attach the sophisticate information of Korean language to the version 2.0; (2) in multilingual environment, <Korean-Korean_Sign_Language Machine Translation (K2KSL MT)>, which would not be successfully developed without the hierarchical semantic structure of KorLex as well as PWN, since the hierarchy enables K2KSL MT to solve logically the notorious ‘data sparseness (= lack of lexicon)’ problem that KSL encounters during the translation process, like in other bilingual or multilingual MT systems.

Korean-Chinese Learner’s Dictionary, which was compiled by the National Institute of Korean Language, is a web dictionary translating Korean Basic Dictionary into Chinese. As more and more Chinese wanted to learn Korean, the National Institute of Korean Language planned for the translation. A research team in Korea University carried out the project for 3 years from 2016 to 2018. The main focus of the project was to present Chinese counterparts with Korean headwords by translating them into Chinese.　 This paper aims to provide an overview of the compiling project, Korean-Chinese Learning Dictionary, the principles applied to the actual translation process, and to examine the current status of the Sino-Korean headwords and the detailed translation method. In Chapter 2, the review of the purpose, steps, and progress of Korean-Chinese Learner’s Dictionary is provided. Chapter 3 presents the statistical results of the Sino-Korean headwords in Korean-Chinese Learner’s Dictionary. In addition, the detailed principles applied to the process of Chinese translation are reviewed along with the main cases by the headword type. Moreover, the characteristics of the cultural vocabulary and the band system according to them are discussed.

This paper centers on how to deal with Sino-Xenic resources, or Sino-Korean texts of traditional Korean philosophy and religions from a perspective of Digital Humanities. Although philosophy including religious thought is at the center of pre-modern Korean Studies, the core contents have not been explored or re-organized from a perspective of Digital Humanities. However, the philosophical circle in Korea has not yet had a serious discussion about the DH circumstance where Sino-Korean philosophical resources are left behind. This paper discusses the feasibility of adapting traditional Sino-Korean philosophical resources to Digital Humanities and the conditions for the adaptation. And for a concrete and practical discussion, this paper will show an experimental DH analysis and visualization of some Sino-Korean philosophical texts and diagrams. And at the end, I will emphasize that the core of DH is humanistic activities rather than tech-oriented activities.

Humanities is originally a comprehensive discipline, and all disciplines must be formed under the foundation of humanities. To do so, humanities researchers should break their own castles, return to their original positions based on the humanistic reflection, and try various academic methods. Humanities should no longer be the recipient of the data and the user's role alone. But rather they are expected to play the role of the data curator, the leading role in data production and construction and use of a common platform, and the attempt to use the platform in various ways by the constant re-datafication make all relevant researchers enable collaboration. In addition, it is necessary to have the ability to solve problems through multi-fields, trans-fields, or cross-fields, which can be achieved not only by building basic knowledge in all fields of studies, but also by sharing interest, active participations, and diverse collaborations. We need to have critical and rational perspectives, and inclusive attitudes based on acceptance of differences, and all of these can be supported by our endeavors to solve structural problems.

Based on the intention and idea of Chinese character-based cultural industrialization, this paper puts forward the concepts of “Chinese character culture industry” and “Chinese character culture industry research” by integrating the basic theories of Chinese character culture and cultural industry, combining the practical attempts of Chinese character researches and cultural creative designs. This paper also defines the nature of “Chinese character culture industry research” by sorting out the contents of the related subjects, and puts forward the research contents of this specific field. In this way, this study tries to construct a theoretical framework of Chinese character culture industry research.

It is generally believed that the meaning of “Yi (泗)” in the Book of Songs has been nasal fluids since Mao Heng, and has been explained from the perspective of borrowing, phonetic and ideographic word-formation, etc. However, there are still seven questions about the exact meaning of “Si (泗)”, which arouses different doubts about it. From the perspectives of handed-down documents and unearthed documents, variant relationships, literary meanings, contexts, dialects and so on, the word “Yi (泗)” of “Ti Si Pang Tuo (涕泗滂沱)” should be “Yi (㳑)” meaning that the water is full and flowing out. Furthermore, “Yi (泗)” has heterogeneous relationships with “Yi (益)”, “Yi (㳑)”, “Yi (溢)”, “Yi (洫)” and “Yi (泆)”, and has homologous relationships with “Ti (涕)”, “Yi (洟)” and “Ti (嚏)”, and has an isomorphic relationship with “Si (泗)” of “Si Shui (泗水)”. These relationships can be used to collate unearthed and handed-down documents.

Due to the long history of ancient documents which have been subject to the continuous copying and engraving, many errors have been made. Many of the words have lost their original appearance, which has increased the difficulty of collation and interpretation today. Zhebi Jieshou (折臂接手) and Yinshou Ruduan (銀手如斷) are respectively extracted from the two important documents in the Western Han Dynasty, Jiao’s Yilin 《焦氏易林》 and Dadai Liji 《大戴禮記》. We mainly use different methods such as the mutual proof verification to explore the original word and meanings of the two words.

In ancient Chinese, “shou (首) and “tou (頭)”, both of which were synonyms, referred to the human head. However, they were different from each other in the senses of the original, extended, and style meaning, respectively. The original meaning of “shou” refers to “head” with emphasis on the face, and “tou” refers specifically to “top of head”. In terms of the extended meaning, the most remarkable difference between “shou” and “tou” is that “shou” has the usage of verb while “tou” does not. “Tou” is grammaticalized as a suffix while “shou” is not. Therefore, we deduce the reason why “shou” and “tou” are not extended synchronously, and reach a conclusion that the core meanings of the two words are different. The core meanings confine the semantic changes of the synonym. In addition, the usage of verb of “shou” and the grammaticalization of “tou” have been explained at the core meaning level, respectively. As for the style meaning, “shou” is thought to be more elegant than “tou”.

The birth of Chinese characters is a brilliant stroke in the history of Chinese civilization. From the oracle bone inscription, bronze inscription, seal script, clerical script, square script, to simplified Chinese characters today, it is the result of the creation and implementation of countless wise men. The retrospective study of the form and meaning of Chinese characters is conducive to a thorough and comprehensive understanding of Chinese character culture. Since ancient times, the abolition of “颿” and the current simplification of “帆” are more complicated, and many books and reference books explain the relationship between them. Based on the meaning of “颿 (帆)”, this article uses the method of historical comparative research to analyze the variant glyphs related to the two characters so as to carefully sort out the evolution track of “颿” and “帆”, and points out that the pronunciation of “帆” in Mandarin shows an irregular change. By means of establishing a correlation between the two meanings, people can have a deep and comprehensive understanding of the meaning of “颿 (帆)”, which helps them not just understand and use it better but make an effort to interpret “颿 (帆)”.

In Ron-chens of Shangbo bamboo slips, there is “A Lou (僂)”. The first word should be read as “Fu (㾈)” in Shuowen, which refers to a hunchback. The “Fu Lou (㾈僂)” is a continuous word, which also refers to a hunchback. In the second edition of Ron-chens, there is “Lou Zhe B Shu (僂者數)”, in which “Shu (數)” should be read as “Lou (塿)” which is called “Mei T Ye (塺土也)” by Xu Xuan, it is cited as “Mo Tu Ye (摩土也)” by Xu Kai, Wang Niansun is changed to “Li T Ye (歴土也)”. According to Shangbo bamboo slips, Xu Kai is right. Bamboo slips here refer to the work of flattening loose land for hunchbacks. In Two-year Law of Zhangjiashan bamboo slips, there is “C Ren (人)”. The first word should be read as “Mian (眄)”, which refers to the blindness of human eyes in the Two-year Law and the Han bamboo slips of Xuanquan. The word “Mian (眄)” in Shuowen says “Mu Pian He Ye (目偏合也)”, There is no exact example in the ancient books, and the unearthed documents can prove their faith and have evidence.

Zheng Su Wen is an important colloquial dictionary written by Hao Yixing in the Qing Dynasty. It is the part of foreign words in the last two volumes that specially makes significantly differences from other dictionaries which also specialized in collecting common words. At present, its value has been found, but comprehensive description and investigation are still rare. Therefore, this paper makes a detailed survey of the two volumes of collected words and described them from the basic situation, regional distribution, vocabulary source and historical stages. And it also observes Hao’s interpretation, citation and textual research of foreign words, so as to summarize their characteristics which are as follows: firstly, these foreign words are influenced by regions and Buddhist culture; secondly, bibliography of these words covers a wide range of both Chinese history and domestic and foreign regions; thirdly, Kangxi Dictionary may closely be related to them. Lastly, this paper divides words into two categories according to whether the dictionary and other dictionaries are included as a judgment standard. Some words should be emphasized in the future, while some words should also be supplemented and demonstrated.

This research examines the Ấu học ngũ ngôn thi (幼學五言詩: Pentasyllabic Poetry for Primary Learning) written in Sinographs and Nôm script in Vietnam as a case study of the textbooks in pre-20th century primary education. This paper claims, based on Chinese-origined East Asian Sinological primers of the Shentong Shi (神童詩: Progidy Poetry), the Xunmeng Youxue Shi (訓蒙幼學詩 Initial Teaching Poetry for Primary Learning) and the Zhuangyuan Shi (狀元詩: Poetry for the First-ranked Metropolitan Laureate), a certain Vietnamese scholar reconstructed and rewrote these textbooks to become a new textbook of Vietnam with several newly-composed poems. The new textbook was translated from Literary Sinitic into Vietnamese in both prose and poetry, to adapt to the educational context of two languages (Chinese and Vietnamese) and two scripts (Sinographs and Nôm script) in Vietnam. This reconstruction and translation, on one hand, made Vietnamese primary education integrate with the Sinosphere in East Asia, on the other hand defined Vietnamese own characteristics via the localization of this textbook’s formation, language, and script.

Letters written in Dongba script are an important type of social documents in Dongba script. Two letters written in Dongba script to scholars have been published and translated before, but no letter of thanks written in Dongba script has been disclosed so far. This article interprets a recently written thanks letter in Dongba script, which can supplement the deficiency of such literature. From the contents of the thanks notes, it can be seen that Dongba culture has been revived in some places. In addition, some unusual writing forms of Dongba graphs appeared in this document, which can be used to supplement Dongba reference books when they are revised.

In recent years, the phonetic study of foreign dialects is wide and deep, but the study on the history of researches on phonetic aspects of foreign dialects is rare. Even rarer is that on the Chinese characters in Korean. With the help of China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), this paper attempts an exhaustive analysis of the content, method and condition of research on the basis of academic researches on phonetic aspects of Chinese characters in Korean. Thus, this work is expected to make clear the researches and problems in this field in China so as to facilitate quick references for other scholars.

The system of Sino-Vietnamese elements and Chinese characters have a relationship which has developed over the two thousand years since the beginning of the Christian era. This relationship can be divided into three phases based on the status and influencing level of Chinese characters in Vietnam including: from the prehistory to the tenth century, from the eleventh century to the beginning of the twentieth century, and from the early twentieth century to the present. In the first phase, the Sino-Vietnamese element system was formed. In the second phase, it was developed together with Chinese characters in Vietnam. In the third phase, it has been developed together with Vietnamese script, moving away from Chinese characters. This paper surveys this relationship based on 500 Sino-Vietnamese elements currently existing in Vietnamese. In this relationship, the Sino-Vietnamese elements borrow the meaning of the Chinese characters including the wholly borrowing ones (accounting for 3%）and the partially borrowing ones (accounting for 97%). The Sino-Vietnamese elements borrowing the original meaning of Chinese characters account for 57% while those do not account for 43%. The independently used Sino-Vietnamese elements account for 18%, and the non-independently used account for 82%. Some elements which create new meanings account for 8% whereas those which do not account for 92%. With such borrowing and creating characteristics, the system of Sino-Vietnamese elements has evolved and developed in terms of meaning. The ability to create words of the Sino-Vietnamese element system is created by turning morphemes into one-syllable words, combining morphemes, and repeating morpheme. The repeating method has little effect on the foreign elements. The method of turning morphemes into one-syllable words forms a number of word classes, accounting for 18%. The combining method is formed when combining Sino-Vietnamese elements together or combining Sino-Vietnamese elements and non-Sino-Vietnamese elements. This method forms precedent or unprecedented words in Chinese. The characteristics of creating the meaning and the ability to form words of the Sino-Vietnamese element system have proved the vitality, adaptability, and strong development of the Sino-Vietnamese element system as a word forming element system in Vietnamese. In the context of written language development in Vietnam today, the previous parallel relationship between the system of Sino-Vietnamese elements and Chinese characters has been severely damaged. Most Vietnamese users no longer have a clear understanding of the relationship and cannot trace the origin of Sino-Vietnamese elements. Therefore, reconstructing the relationship, studying its value, and creating search tools have become critical. This contributes to helping Vietnamese users understand more deeply and use more accurately the Sino-Vietnamese element system in Vietnamese.