1990년대 초·중반 많은 중국의 화가들은 전통 중국화(中國畵) 의 한계를 극복하기 위해 서양화를 융합하여 자신만의 독특한 회화 스타일과 예술 언어를 나타내었다. 이들 가운데 이고선은 ‘중국화와 서양화의 융합’의 길을 개척한 선두 주자였다. 특히 그의 어(魚)류 회화는 중국 전통 문인화(文人畵)의 필묵 정신을 계승함과 동시에 서양 회화의 형식적인 요소를 받아들여 독창 적인 표현 기법과 예술 언어를 발휘하였다. 본 연구는 이고선 과 동시대 화가들의 어(魚)류를 소재로 한 회화작품에 표현된 미의식과 예술특징의 차이를 알아보고, 중국 당대 사의화(寫意 畵)에 대한 경험과 영향에 대해 분석하였다.

The purpose of the present study is to learn about English conversation instructors, in particular, to find out (1) who they are; (2) how they cooperate with English teachers at schools; and (3) what needs they have to serve better as English teaching staff at schools. An online survey was administered to all English conversation instructors at elementary and secondary schools in Korea. Around 4,630 English conversation instructors- 2,920 at elementary schools and 1,710 at secondary schools- participated in the study. The collected data were analyzed: (1) to describe the characteristics of English conversation instructors; (2) to examine how they are sharing teaching duties with English teachers; and (3) to assess the needs for their competency development. The needs of English conversation instructors were analyzed by calculating the gap between the current competence and the expected competence. The difference of English conversation instructors competence development needs at the elementary level and at the secondary level were then further analyzed through Analysis of Variance. The results of this study can be used as basic data to establish the training system for English conversation instructors’ competence development.

This study focuses on Portraits of the Wyatt Family of John Everett Millais (1829-1896) who was active in England during Victorian Age. Portraits of the Wyatt Family refers to both James Wyatt and his Granddaughter, Mary Wyatt (1849) and Eliza Wyatt and her Daughter, Sarah Wyatt (1850), and these paintings were done for his patron James Wyatt in the early stage of Pre-Raphaelites Brotherhood (P.R.B.). In the 19th century, the British Academy of painting did not move forward from just imitating the works of the past, paying the best tribute to Raphael and Michelangelo and pursuing Joshua Reynolds’s Discourses on Art of 18th century. In criticizing such a stream, P.R.B. came up to the surface in 1848 initiated by Millais, William Holman Hunt, and Dante Gabriel Rossetti with an emphasis on recovering sincerity in painting. In Portraits of the Wyatt Family, it contains various features. In this paper, these specific features are divided into two parts: detailed expression and expression of distorted perspective. It seems that P.R.B.’s belief that thorough observation on small details opens to a window to find the truth in them played as a source to enable detailed depiction. And Portraits of the Wyatt Family distorted the perspective of the high Renaissance traditional perspective. Distorted perspective makes viewers to look at the painting with the same perspective, which suggests a new approach of seeing the picture, not separating the center and periphery in the painting. This study shows that ‘images-within-images’ of the Portraits of the Wyatt Family function reversely from those in traditional art and they are directly reflecting the ideology attached to women in the mid-nineteenth century of Britain. In this paper, it analyzes that ‘images-within-images’ have two different characters at the same time. Thus, this study is significant in that this approach provides a chance to explore the implications in wider extent, instead of just seeing Portraits of the Wyatt Family as family pictures. This study interprets the Portraits of the Wyatt Family in line with the characteristics of P.R.B.. Therefore capturing various hidden meanings from the Portraits of the Wyatt Family and allowing better understanding of the work.