In this study, the behavior of dominant microbial communities was investigated in the treatment of porcine carcasses using an anaerobic high temperature burial composting method. The correlation between odor emission and bacterial community structure was analyzed through principal component analysis and extended local similarity analysis. In the burial layer of porcine carcass, the dominant bacteria were Bacillaceae (46%), Thermoactinomycetaceae (15%) and Lactobacillaceae (4%) in the early stage and Bacillaceae (46%), Thermoactinomycetaceae (15%), Lactobacillaceae (4%) in the end. Clostridiaceae (CH3SH), Bacillacea ((CH3)2S2), Clostridium ((CH3)2S2), Clostridial (H2S), Oceanobacillus (H2S), and Thermoanaerobacteraceae (H2S) were closely related to the sulfurous odorants, which are the highest odor contributions. The emission of sulfurous odor substances such as H2S, CH3SH, (CH3)2S, and (CH3)2S2 showed a positive correlation with each other, but showed a negative correlation with nitrogenous odorants (NH3 and TMA), aldehydes, organic acids, and VOCs. The results of this correlation analysis can provide useful information that enables us to understand the characteristics of microbial communities and odor generation during the degradation of carcasses and to manage odors and burial sites in the treatment of carcass.

It is very important to treat infected livestock carcasses safely and quickly. In this study, the degradation characteristics and odor generation characteristics of carcasses were investigated during the treatment of swine carcasses using the anaerobic burial composting method. While the carcasses were decomposed, the temperature remained high, at 40~55°C on average, and most of the carcasses were decomposed rapidly. The major odorcontributing substances in the buried composting method are sulfuric odor substances such as H2S, CH3SH, dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), and the odor contribution of these substances is 93~99%. Among them, CH3SH, which accounts for about 56~89% of odor contribution, was the most representative indicator substance. Despite the anaerobic digestion process, the methane concentration in the digestion process was as low as 0.5~0.8% at the burial point of the carcass. The odor and methane produced during the decomposition of the carcasses decreased considerably during the discharge to the surface layer through the buried layer consisting of compost. These results suggest that anaerobic high temperature burial composting is one of the most useful methods to treat carcasses of infected livestock.

Carcasses of pigs were trench buried using either general soil or mature compost as a cover material and the malodorous substances discharged were observed about a year. With the soil burial method, the speed of decay was shown to be dominantly affected by the ambient air temperature. However the compost burial method’s decaying process took place quickly, even ambient air temperature was dropped; it holds the temperature of 40oC or higher. With the compost burial method, there was a period where, the temperature inside the pig carcasses and the temperature of cover-material layer were strongly reversed. From this discovery, level of decay process could be speculated. With the soil burial method there was a trend when malodorous substances concentration was high, the level of concentration in the cover soil was also tends to be high. However, the compost burial method had different result. When malodorous substances concentration was high the level of concentration in the compost cover layer was observed to be lower. This indicates compost burial method shown to intercept and absorb malodorous substances. Furthermore, the compost burial method appears to be able to contribute to deactivate the pathogens by quickly decompose the carcasses at a high temperature.

본 연구에서는 사체의 사후경과시간을 추정하기 위한 법곤충학적 자료를 얻기 위하여 경남 양산의 야산에 2011년 여름과 가을에 노출돼지사체와 감은돼지사체를 1두씩 설치하여 각 사체에 나타나는 곤충상의 변화와 사체의 부패속도에 대해 조사하였다. 여름에 설치한 노출사체에서는 2목 9과 14종의 곤충이 채집되었고 깜장파리속의 한 종(Ophyra sp.)이 우점하였다. 감은사체에서는 3목 9과 17종이 채집되어 풍뎅이붙이과의 한 종(Histeridae sp.)이 우점하였다. 가을에 설치한 노출사체에서는 3목 11과 17종이 채집되었고 연두금파리(Lucilia illustris)가 우점하였다. 감은사체에서는 3목 8과 11종이 채집되었고 깜장파리속의 한 종이 우점하였다. 또한 모든 사체에서 사체부패의 초반에 출현한 연두금파리는 이 지역 사체의 부패 초기에 대한 지표종으로 생각되었다. 또한 모든 사체에서 공통으로 많이 채집된 종은 꼭지파리과의 한 종(Sepsidae sp.)과 깜장파리속의 한 종이었는데, 이들은 사체부패 중 후기에 출현하는 종으로써 사체부패의 중 후반단계에 대한 지표종으로 유용하다고 생각되었다. 사체의 부패속도에 대해서는 여름에는 노출사체(10일)의 부패가 감은사체(15일)에 비해 빨리 진행되었고, 가을에는 감은사체(8일)가 노출사체(17일)에 비해서 빨리 진행되었다. 사체의 온도는 여름에는 두 사체 모두 6일째부터 상승하여 유사한 패턴을 보였다. 한편 가을에는 감은사체(4일)의 부패가 노출사체(11일)보다 더 일찍 시작되었다. 즉 사체의 부패속도와 온도는 계절과 노출정도에 따라 다른 것이 확인되어, 사체의 사후경과시간을 유추할 때 계절뿐 만 아니라 노출정도도 매우 중요한 요인임이 확인되었다.

생물학적 자극통제 수단으로서 활용하기 위한 새로운 돼지 웅성 페르몬성 물질을 탐색하고자 lipocalin의 수용체인 돼지 웅성 페르몬 P1과 P2의 리간드에 기초하여 54개의 P1 및 P2 유사체들에 대한 분자 유사성 지수 (S)는 물론, 분자량 (MWt), 소수성 (logP), 몰라 굴절율 (MR), van der Waals 분자 표면적 (SA), van der Waals 분자 부피 (MV), HOMO, LUMO 에너지, 이온화 포텐셜 (IP), 생성열 (HF), 리폴(lipole), 쌍극자 능율 (DM) 및 전체 에너지 (TE)등, 다양한 13종의 물리-화학 파라미터들을 계산하고 비교 검토하였다. 이들 스테로이드 유사체들의 물리-화학적인 성질은 주로 A와 D-고리가 입체적으로 상이함에 따라 의존적이었며 또한, S와 MV 상수와의 상관관계로부터 분자들의 MV상수가 작아질수록 S=1에 근접하는 경향이었다. 이같은 결과에 근거하여 P1-1과 P2-1 등, 2개의 화합물이 유사성 지수뿐 만 아니라, 소수성, 몰라 굴절율 및 분자부피 등의 측면에서 기존의 페르몬성 물질과 유사한 경향을 보이므로 새로운 돼지 웅성 페로몬성 화합물로 예상되었다.

In 2010, amidst nationwide foot and mouth disease (FMD) outbreak and avian flu (AI), burial sites were urgently createdfor the disposal of animal carcasses. Some of the burial sites didn't satisfy the carcass burial standard (e.g. too manycarcasses were buried in one site, or size or location were not suitable), causing secondary environmental pollutionincluding collapse of burial sites, contamination of ground water, soil and adjacent streams, and malodor. In this regard,there has been growing demand for measures to reduce the environmental impact of the burial sites and guidelines fordesigning and management of burial sites, considering domestic characteristics, to stabilize them. This study aims toacquire basic data to build pilot burial sites. To this end, we established lab scale reactors to analyze decompositioncharacteristics of buried bovine and swine carcasses and properties of leachate and malodorous substances from them.The results showed that the decomposition of the samples inflated all reactors on its fifth day. But with time, as the volumeof the samples decreased, the solum started to subside. In conclusion, at least 8 weeks was needed for the burial sitesto stabilize. Malodorous substances, unlike other types of gas, were found to have relatively high content of sulfurousgases from 43 to 355 ppb. The four types of detected sulfurous gases were all classified as specific malodorous substances,producing rotting and unpleasant smell, irritating skin, eyes and the respiratory system, and damaging the central nervoussystem. Therefore, it is considered that controling sulfurous gases will play an important role in treating malodoroussubstances from burial sites.