In order to reduce odor and methane emission from the landfill, open biocovers and a closed biofilter were applied to the landfill site. Three biocovers and the biofilter are suitable for relatively small-sized landfills with facilities that cannot resource methane into recovery due to small volumes of methane emission. Biocover-1 consists only of the soil of the landfill site while biocover-2 is mixed with the earthworm casts and artificial soil (perlite). The biofilter formed a bio-layer by adding mixed food waste compost as packing material of biocover-2. The removal efficiency decreased over time on biocover-1. However, biocover-2 and the biofilter showed stable odor removal efficiency. The rates of methane removal efficiency were in order of biofilter (94.9%)>, biocover-1(42.3%)>, and biocover-2 (37.0%). The methane removal efficiency over time in biocover-1 was gradually decreased. However, drastic efficiency decline was observed in biocover-2 due to the hardening process. As a result of overturning the surface soil where the hardening process was observed, methane removal efficiency increased again. The biofilter showed stable methane removal efficiency without degradation. The estimate methane oxidation rate in biocover- 1 was an average of 10.4%. Biocover-2 showed an efficiency of 46.3% after 25 days of forming biocover. However, due to hardening process efficiency dropped to 4.6%. After overturn of the surface soil, the rate subsequently increased to 17.9%, with an evaluated average of 12.5%.

The present study was conducted to investigate the public awareness level of the Korean population on the hazards of radon. Its purpose was to serve as a preliminary study for the development of a risk communication program suited to Korean domestic conditions. An in-house developed questionnaire was used as an awareness surveying tool. Five thousand people (adults) from the general population, randomly selected regardless of their age, academic background, income level, and regional distribution were surveyed. The survey was conducted between December 2015 and February 2016, and completed in a self-reporting format. The survey results showed that public awareness of the radon risk was very low, as indicated by more than roughly 85% of the respondents saying that they did not know what radon was. Moreover, survey results for those who knew what radon was showed a very low level of awareness regarding the physical properties and hazards of radon. Through the findings of the present study, it was confirmed that the awareness of radon hazards among the residents of Korea needs urgent improvement and that the development of a radon risk communication program accounting for age, income, region, occupation, and various information delivery routes is also needed.

The following study aims to estimate the configuration ratio of the ion compounds that identifies the cause of fine dust and ways to reduce it. In this study, the physical and chemical properties of fine particles in a tunnel and the configuration form of ionic composition were interpreted to establish reasonable measurement for air quality management. Seasonal measurements were performed by collecting samples from the Mia sageori subway station. Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) model was used to estimate the configuration ratio of ions in this study. The results showed that the test performed outside showed about 56.4% of total ion, with (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3, CaCO3 and NaCl showing concentrations of 2.138 μg/m3, 1.957 μg/m3, 1.697 μg/m3 and 1.600 μg/m3, respectively, while the results indoor had CaCO3, NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4 and NaCl showing concentrations of 2.272 μg/m3, 2.204 μg/m3, 1.656 μg/m3 and 1.342 μg/m3, respectively, about 65.1% of total ion. During the usage of tunnel, it was found that CaCO3, NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4 and MgCO3 showed concentrations of 3.464 μg/m3, 1.732 μg/m3, 1.698 μg/m3 and 0.582 μg/m3, respectively, total ion of 70.2% was presented.

Carcasses of pigs were trench buried using either general soil or mature compost as a cover material and the malodorous substances discharged were observed about a year. With the soil burial method, the speed of decay was shown to be dominantly affected by the ambient air temperature. However the compost burial method’s decaying process took place quickly, even ambient air temperature was dropped; it holds the temperature of 40oC or higher. With the compost burial method, there was a period where, the temperature inside the pig carcasses and the temperature of cover-material layer were strongly reversed. From this discovery, level of decay process could be speculated. With the soil burial method there was a trend when malodorous substances concentration was high, the level of concentration in the cover soil was also tends to be high. However, the compost burial method had different result. When malodorous substances concentration was high the level of concentration in the compost cover layer was observed to be lower. This indicates compost burial method shown to intercept and absorb malodorous substances. Furthermore, the compost burial method appears to be able to contribute to deactivate the pathogens by quickly decompose the carcasses at a high temperature.

This study was performed as the preliminary research to calculate the concentration of radon exposure and the annual effective dose in public hot spring bath-house. The research found that public bathhouses are the primary cause of the indoor air radon concentration inside a hot spring bathhouse. The indoor radon concentration inside a bathhouse differs significantly by region and among bathhouses in the same region, indicating that the indoor air radon concentration is affected by many factors. The annual effective indoor radon dose by exposure is estimated to range from 1.2×10−2mSv/y to 2.5×10−2mSv/y. Since this research is considered as preliminary research, further and additional relevant research to more reliably calculate the result are necessary, including accumulative research for indoor radon concentrations, and research for exposure coefficients such as the behavior patterns of public bathhouse users, etc.

Volatile organic compounds(VOCs) detected frequently in the indoor air of child-care centers causes neurological disorders, lung, eyes, and bronchial irritation, and acute and chronic toxicity. In this study, the distributions of carcinogenic VOCs detected in child-care centers were characterized and a health risk assessment of the VOCs was performed, which can provide the necessary information for drawing up safety plans with respect to the concerned materials. The sampling of sites in day-care centers was undertaken two times: in the morning (10:00~12:00), and afternoon(16:00~20:00)-at 23 daycare centers located in Seoul, Korea from April, 2012 to July, 2012. The overall average concentrations of individual VOCs were benzene(1.61 μg/m3) > carbon tetrachloride (0.78 μg/m3) > chloroform(0.67 μg/m3) in order. Indoor/outdoor(I/O) ratios of benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform were 1.33, 1.09, 1.72, respectively. Benzene and carbon tetrachloride are thought to be more strongly associated with outdoor sources as compared to chloroform. Spearman correlation of benzene, carbon tetrachloride between indoor and outdoor concentration showed statistically significant levels(p < 0.05). The linear correlations for benzene, styrene, and carbon tetrachloride were tested. A significant correlation was observed only for carbon tetrachloride, accounting for 83 % of the variance. The risk assessment of the carcinogenic VOCs for teachers, infants, and children showed that none of the targeted VOCs posed a serious risk.

The children of daycare center are sensitive to indoor environmental pollution. This study was a preliminary investigation for improving the environmental and healthy quality of daycare centers. The sampling of sites in daycare centers was undertaken three times such as day-morning (10:00-12:00), afternoon (16:00-20:00), following dawn (04:00-08:00)-at 21 daycare centers located in Seoul, Korea from April, 2012 to July, 2012. The mean concentrations of TVOC were 255.2, 217.0, and 439.4 μg/m3 at morning, afternoon, and following dawn, respectively. The daycare center indoor/outdoor ratios on the most targeted volatile organic compounds were above 1.0 except that for carbon tetrachloride, which was almost 1.0. Significant correlations (p<0.01) were observed between indoor and outdoor carbon tetrachloride, which implies that indoor carbon tetrachloride could be largely accounted for by outdoor sources. The other targeted indoor volatile organic compounds such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene, xylenes, chloroform showed no significant correlations with that of outdoor.

In this study, commercial pellet type sorbents for the collection of CO2 from a local municipal waste incinerator were prepared and characterized in terms of adsorption efficiency by varying the operating conditions of a field process. The concentration of CO2 in the flue gas ranged from 8 to 10%, which entered the test packed bed. As a result of this experiment, the sorbent procured from A-company, which is mainly composed of calcium compounds, showed the highest adsorption efficiency. The regeneration efficiency was fairly low, however. It also was found that based on adsorption breakthrough time, the relatively low flow rate of 10 LPM into the bed allowed higher collection efficiency. The higher flow rate of 40 LPM, on the other hand, tended to decrease the retention of the adsorption.

To resolve coelution phenomenon of acetone and acrolein in the HPLC‐based analysis of carbonyls, we attempted to find the optimal conditions for their separation. For the purpose of this study, the collection of carbonyl Compounds is made by DNPH‐coated cartridges. Quantification of carbonyls is then initiated by the formation of hydrazone derivatives that are then separated by HPLC and detected by UV‐VIS spectroscopic detector (at 360 nm). To the course of this experiment, we examined the influences of the three major experimental variables such as 5 temperature (25, 30, 40, 50 and 60℃), 2 flow rate (1.0 and 1.2 mL min‐1), and variable relative composition of mobile phase (among acetonitrile, water, and tetrahydrofuran). According to our experiments, the optimal condition for separation was found at flow rate of 1.2 mL min‐1 and temperature of 32℃ with the mobile phase composition of acetonitrile:water:tetrahydrofuran = 34 : 52.8 : 13.2.

Activated carbon fiber (ACF) filters are widely used to remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air cleaning devices. The performance of ACF filters could be enhanced combining adsorption process with photodegradation process. In this study, to investigate this enhancement effect, a duct-type reactor was made and TiO2 was i㎜obilized on a co㎜ercialized ACF filter. Benzene, toluene, and m-xylene (BTX) were chosen as target compounds. Removal experiments for BTX were done under different air velocity and upstream concentration conditions. The range of inlet concentration was 200～1,400 ppb and the air velocities were 0.4, 0.7 and 1.0 m/s. Adsorption by an ACF filter alone showed high removal efficiency of BTX, depending on the BTX species, the upstream concentration, and the air velocity. The combination of TiO2 and ACF filter significantly increased removal of benzene which was less removed than other pollutants by an ACF filter alone. It was found that the combination effect was small in removal test of toluene and m-xylene. Removal efficiency in the tested experimental conditions was decreased in order of toluene > m-xylene > benzene.

The MOE (Ministry of Environment) had classified 4 types of solid fuels as RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel), RPF (Refuse Plastic Fuel), TDF (Tire Derived Fuel) and WCF (Wood Chip Fuel) in Korea at 2012. However, the MOE has reclassified, the solid fuels with SRF (Soild Recovery Fuel) and Bio- SRF. Since the qulity standard for SRF has moderated, it is easier and more economical to recycle the waste. In this study, investigation for the generating, collecting, transporting, and treatment system of bulky waste in Seoul were performed. Moreover, experiments conducted to the analysis of collected bulky waste for assessment of SRF. According to the report of waste -meter-rate system in 2010, amount of bulky waste from to Dongdaemun-Gu is similar to average emissions in Seoul, and have an important facilities of transshipment for bulky waste, so that is the reason to select Dongdaemun-Gu for this research. According to process of Dongdaemun-center, bulky waste is classified into four-case, as metals, sponges, woods, and inclusion. Because the potion of inclusion is the difficult material to recycle, the entire quantity generated has been incinerated in Dongdaemun-Gu. the incinerating cost for inclusion was about 300 million won in 2012. Thus, inclusion from bulky waste was taken the target material to apply for SRF. So selected as inclusion that was incinerated to apply the SRF fuel standard. This research was analyzed the change in characteristics related to bringing location and period in order to evaluate the potential of energy of bulky waste in seoul. As a results of evaluation, there is not any differences related to changes of location and period. In addition, the results of conformity assessment of quality standards. Assessment items were satisfied with quality standards without moisture content. Moreover, low caloric value that is the primary factor to apply SRF was about 4,000 Kcal/kg Which is the homogeneous energy to utilize as fuel. However, taking steps as shield system for control of increasing moisture content by rainfall would be required.