본 연구는 학원강사의 역할수행이 중･고등학생의 회복탄력성 및 수학학습태도에 미치는 영향에 대하여 알아보는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 이를 통해서 학원강사들의 역할수행에 대한 인식을 제고시키고, 중･고등학생들의 회복탄력성 및 수학 학습태도를 향상하려는 방안을 모색해 보고자 하였다. 이러한 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위해 학원에서 수학 과목을 수강 중인 중･고등학생 720명을 대상으로 설문조사를 통해 자료를 수집하였다. 이에 따른 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 중･ 고등학생이 인식하는 학원강사의 역할수행은 학습지도> 학급운영> 생활지도≥ 보충지도> 상담지도> 진로지도의 순이고, 학생의 회복탄력성은 긍정성> 자기조절능력≥ 대인관계능력의 순이며, 학생의 수학학습태도는 교과에 대한 학습습관> 교과에 대한 태도 > 교과에 대한 자아개념의 순으로 나타났다. 둘째, 학원강사의 역할수행은 학년과 수강기간에 따라 차이가 있고, 중･고등학생의 회복탄력성은 성별, 학년, 성적에 따라 차이가 있으며, 수학학습태도는 학년, 성적에 따라 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 중･고등학생의 회복탄력성은 성적이 높을수록, 학원강사가 생활지도, 상담지도, 보충지도를 잘한다고 인식할수록 높은 것으로 나타났다. 중･고등학생의 수학학습태도는 학원강사가 진로지도를 잘하고, 학생의 자기조절 능력 및 긍정성이 좋을수록 높은 것으로 나타났다.

Volatile organic compounds(VOCs) detected frequently in the indoor air of child-care centers causes neurological disorders, lung, eyes, and bronchial irritation, and acute and chronic toxicity. In this study, the distributions of carcinogenic VOCs detected in child-care centers were characterized and a health risk assessment of the VOCs was performed, which can provide the necessary information for drawing up safety plans with respect to the concerned materials. The sampling of sites in day-care centers was undertaken two times: in the morning (10:00~12:00), and afternoon(16:00~20:00)-at 23 daycare centers located in Seoul, Korea from April, 2012 to July, 2012. The overall average concentrations of individual VOCs were benzene(1.61 μg/m3) > carbon tetrachloride (0.78 μg/m3) > chloroform(0.67 μg/m3) in order. Indoor/outdoor(I/O) ratios of benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform were 1.33, 1.09, 1.72, respectively. Benzene and carbon tetrachloride are thought to be more strongly associated with outdoor sources as compared to chloroform. Spearman correlation of benzene, carbon tetrachloride between indoor and outdoor concentration showed statistically significant levels(p < 0.05). The linear correlations for benzene, styrene, and carbon tetrachloride were tested. A significant correlation was observed only for carbon tetrachloride, accounting for 83 % of the variance. The risk assessment of the carcinogenic VOCs for teachers, infants, and children showed that none of the targeted VOCs posed a serious risk.

Background : This study aimed to determine the anti-osteoclastogenic effects of extracts from CK berry’s and identify the underlying mechanisms in vitro. Methods and Results : Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are signal mediators in osteoclast differentiation. AM extracts inhibited ROS production in RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner and exhibited strong radical scavenging activity. The extracts also attenuated the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinucleated osteoclasts. To attain molecular insights, the effect of the extracts on the signaling pathways induced by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) were also investigated. RANKL triggers many transcription factors through the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and ROS, leading to the induction of osteoclast-specific genes. The extracts significantly suppressed RANKL-induced activation of MAPKs, such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38, and consequently led to the downregulation of c-Fos and nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATc1) protein expression which ultimately suppress the activation of the osteoclast-specific genes, cathepsin K, TRAP, calcitonin receptor, and integrin β3. Conclusion : In conclusion, our findings suggest that AM extracts inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation by downregulating ROS generation and inactivating JNK/ERK/p38, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-mediated c-Fos and NFATc1 signaling pathway.