본 연구에서는 지난 2015년부터 동두천 원도심 활성화를 위해 진행되었던, 그라피티 조성사업 사례를 중심으로 문화예술을 매개로 한 도시재생사업 사례를 다루었다. 동두천의 그라피티 조성사업은 2015년부터 2018년까지 4년간 진행되었으며, 진행 단계에 따라 변화 양상이 다르게 나타나고 있다. 이것은 하나의 정책에 대해 실행단계에서 시도해볼 수 있는 다양한 접근방법의 차이로 볼 수 있는데, 마치 그라피티라고 하는 하나의 예술 경향이 낙서, 거리미술, 공공미술, 환경미술 등 다양한 의미로 해석되는 것과 같이 나타나고 있다. 이러한 결과는 도시재생을 위한 그라피티의 매개성 실험에서, 방법의 차이는 어떠한 결과의 차이를 만들 어내는가를 알아볼 수 있는 사례라고 판단이 된다. 환경적 측면에서는 동두천시가 보산동 외국인관광특구를 중심으로 펼치고 있는 ‘K-Rock 빌리지 조성사업’, ‘디자인아트 빌리지 조성사업’ 등 문화예술을 매개로 하는 다양한 전략사업을 종합적으로 살펴보았다. 이 사업들은 ‘캠프보산 (CAMP BOSAN)’이라는 통합브랜드 아래 문화예술을 매개로, 기존의 ‘외국인관광특구’를 ‘동두천문화특구’로 변화시키려고 시도하는 사업들로 최근에 개념이 정립되었다. 따라서 도시재생의 매개적 측면에서 문화예술의 접근방법을 분석해보고, 활성화 방안에 대해서 논의하였다. 조사 분석 결과에 대해서 첫째, 그라피티를 참여적 행위가 중시되는 도시재생의 공공미술 차원에서 다뤄야 한다는 점과 둘째, 도시재생에서 문화예술의 매개효과를 얻기 위해서는 사업의 지속성이 필요하다는 점을 제언하였다.

본 연구는 장소특정성을 살린 그라피티를 이용하여 도시를 재생시키 는 방안에 대해 논의하였다. 연구를 위해 이론적 배경 스터디와 사례분 석 두 가지 방법을 이용하였다. 먼저 장소특정성의 개념을 이해하기 위 해 공공미술의 장소특정성에 대한 이론적 배경을 알아보았다. 이론에서 는 공공미술이 ‘장소에 결합하는 예술’이라는 의미를 내포하고 있듯이, 공공미술에서 장소특정성은 진지하게 고려해야 할 개념으로 다루고 있 으며 많은 공공미술 사례를 통해 장소특정성의 의미를 확인할 수 있다. 또한 공공미술로서 그라피티의 장소특정성에 대해서도 알아보았다. 현 대의 그라피티는 과거의 낙서 수준에서 벗어나 대중에게 더욱 친밀하게 다가선 거리미술로서 공공미술과 마찬가지로 장소특정성이 있으며 지역 적 특수성과도 상관관계를 맺고 있고 심지어 사회적 영향력과 커뮤니케 이션 효과도 갖는다. 본 연구의 목적인, 그라피티의 장소특정성을 이용 한 도시재생 방안을 찾기 위해 도시재생을 위해 지자체가 추진하고 있는 그라피티 조성사업 사례를 조사하였다. 동두천에서 추진 중인 도시재생 을 위한 보산동관광특구 그라피티 조성사업 사례를 조사하고 이론적 배 경에서 제시된 장소특정성 공공미술의 중요한 요소 세 가지를 분석의 틀 로 이용하여 분석한 후, 그라피티 조성사업에서 장소특정성을 보완하는 방향에 대해 제언을 하였다. 분석을 통해 제언한 내용은 세 가지로, 그라 피티 작품과 장소는 상관관계를 맺어야 하며 참여자의 적극적인 개입이 필요하다는 것과 공공미술로서 지역성을 고려해야 한다는 것, 그리고 공 공의 표현매체로서 사회적 영향력과 커뮤니케이션 효과를 고려해야 한 다는 것이다. 연구를 통해 동두천의 특수한 장소적 맥락에 따라 장소특 정성이 강화된 그라피티를 이용했을 때, 그라피티가 도시재생에 긍정적 으로 기여할 수 있는 요소가 될 수 있을 것으로 기대하고 있다.

본 연구의 목적은 문제중심학습 교수법을 적용한 공공예술 교육을 통해 학습자가 최종 발표한 내용에서 키워드를 추출하고 그것들의 의미를 밝혀내는 데 있다. 연구진행을 위해 <공공예술의 이해> 교과에 대해서 PBL을 적용하여 운영하고 학습자들이 최종 발표한 내용에서 키워드를 추출한 후 세 가지 범주로 분류하였다. 학습자들이 제시하는 동두천 도시재생을 위한 키워드들은 크게 콘텐츠, 도시환경, 홍보로 범주화되었다. 콘텐츠 범주에 속하는 주요 키워드는 축제, 공연 등의 이벤트 요소와 먹거리, 체험, 학습프로그램 등이었다. 도시환경 범주의 주요 키워드는 복고풍, 리디자인 등이었다. 그리고 홍보 범주에서는 SNS와 유투브 등이 주요 키워드로 추출되었다. 연구의 결과는 동두천, 특히 보산동을 중심으로 하는 원도심에 대한 학습자들의 니즈를 반영하는 것으로 해석이 된다. 학습자들은 공공미술에 대해서 PBL 학습과정을 통해 자기주도적이며 상호작용적으로 학습하였고, 학습결과를 위해 문제해결방안을 강구함으로써 도시와 관련된 다양한 문제에 대해서도 자연스럽게 학습을 할 수 있었다. 학습자들의 문제해결방안 발표내용은 이처럼 학습몰입의 결과이고, 다양한 전공자들로 구성된 다수의 팀에서 협동학습을 통해 나온 아이디어 속에 담긴 키워드이기 때문에 실질적인 니즈를 파악하는 데 의미가 있을 것으로 판단된다. 연구의 결과는 향후 동두천의 미래발전을 위한 연구에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

본 연구의 목적은 <공공예술의 이해> 교과목을 위한 PBL 수업을 개발하여 운영한 후 나타난 학습자들의 학습효과를 알아보기 위한 것이다. 연구를 위해 ‘공공예술’의 본질을 이해하는데 도움이 될 수 있는 문제를 개발하였으며 1개의 PBL 모듈을 적용하였다. 연구대상은 다양한 전공별, 학년별로 구성되었고 총 75명이 참여하였다. 연구에 활용한 자료는 학습자들이 PBL 과정을 거친 후 작성한 성찰저널과 자기평가, 그리고 학습만족이었다. 성찰저널에서는 키워드에 대한 빈도분석을 통해 협동학습 이해, 관련지식 습득과 적용, 실제 경험과 체험, 자아성찰과 변화된 자신, 그리고 문제해결력 향상의 다섯 가지 학습효과가 나타났다. 자기평가에서는 전반적으로 높은 결과가 나타났고, 학습만족에서도 전반적으로 긍정적인 평가 결과가 나타났다. 연구의 결과를 통해 창의 융합 역량을 위한 PBL 예술교육에서 학습자들이 문제의 다각적 분석과 비판적이고 창의적인 의견 제시를 향상시킬 수 있도록 개선이 필요하고, 또한 학습만족을 더욱 증진시키기 위한 개선이 필요함을 확인 할 수 있었다. 본 연구의 결과는 궁극적으로 예술교육에서 학습자들이 자기주도적인 학습을 통해 비판적이고 창의적인 사고 역량을 증진시킬 수 있는 방법을 연구하는데 필요한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

Background : Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common allergic, inflammatory skin disease. Here, we focused on the anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory effects of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fructus extracts (GFE) in DNCB treated NC/Nga mice. Methods and Results : In an in vivo study, GFE treatment significantly decreased immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels and cytokines expression in spleen and serum of treatment groups mice, compared with the negative controls (administered 0.2% DNCB only). Mice treated with GFE had fewer inflammatory cell infiltrates in the dermis and hypodermis compared to the negative controls. In addition, we also studied β-Hexosaminidase release assay and possible anti-inflammatory mechanism of GFE in RBL-2H3 cells. GFE suppressed the expression of COX-2 and TNF-α, the translocation of NF-κβ, and the phosphorylation of Syk, p38, JNK, and Erk1/2 in stimulated RBL-2H3 cells. Conclusion : These results strongly suggest that GFE inhibits the allergic response by reducing mast cell activation and may have therapeutic potential as an anti-atopic dermatitis agent.

Background : The aloe has been reported to have significant therapeutic effects, such as inhibition of cancer cells' activation and proliferation as well as anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and anti-oxidation properties. However, the phytochemicals analysis and antioxidant activity of the Aloe vera flower extracts have not been widely investigated. In this regard, we investigated the phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activity of ethanol extracts of the Aloe barbadensis flower in hydrogen peroxide-treated BALB/c mice. Methods and Results : This research highlights the phenolic constituents' profile and antioxidant activity of 70% ethanol extracts of Aloe vera flower for the first time. The ethanol-based extracts showed the inhibition for linoleic acid oxidation and free radical-induced DNA damage. Among about 11 phenolic constituents of the extract, identified by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the content of vanillic acid was highest, corresponding to strong antioxidant activities of the extract. The extracts elevated superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase enzymes activities in the liver tissue of hydrogen peroxide-treated BALB/c mice. The radical-scavenging activities of the extracts were well-correlated to the total phenolic content. Conclusion : In conclusion, Aloe bardadensis flower might be an effective source of natural antioxidant with high level of phenolic constituents.

Background : This study aimed to determine the anti-osteoclastogenic effects of extracts from CK berry’s and identify the underlying mechanisms in vitro. Methods and Results : Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are signal mediators in osteoclast differentiation. AM extracts inhibited ROS production in RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner and exhibited strong radical scavenging activity. The extracts also attenuated the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinucleated osteoclasts. To attain molecular insights, the effect of the extracts on the signaling pathways induced by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) were also investigated. RANKL triggers many transcription factors through the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and ROS, leading to the induction of osteoclast-specific genes. The extracts significantly suppressed RANKL-induced activation of MAPKs, such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38, and consequently led to the downregulation of c-Fos and nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATc1) protein expression which ultimately suppress the activation of the osteoclast-specific genes, cathepsin K, TRAP, calcitonin receptor, and integrin β3. Conclusion : In conclusion, our findings suggest that AM extracts inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation by downregulating ROS generation and inactivating JNK/ERK/p38, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-mediated c-Fos and NFATc1 signaling pathway.

Hericium erinaceus is considered a functional food and potential medicinal source. The present study was conducted to examine the potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of carried out with water and ethanol extracts of Hericium erinaceus grown on germinated green rice (HEGR-W and HEGR-E, respectively) and the water and ethanol extracts of germinated green rice (GR-W and GR-E, respectively) as potential medicinal resources or antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. Methods and Results: The total phenolic and flavonoid contents, DPPH, and ABTS activity, reducing power, DNA protective activity, cell viability, and NO production were investigated. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were highest in HEGR-E (66.53 ± 2.40 ㎎·GAE/100 g and 82.12 ± 7.10 ㎎·CE/100 g respectively). HEGR-E exhibited high DPPH (44.70 ± 1.28%) and, ABTS (44.70 ± 1.28%) activity and reducing power (0.219). HEGR and GR extracts showed protective activity against DNA damage. The cytotoxicity of HEGR and GR in RAW264.7 cells and LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells was low. HEGR-E and GR-W exhibited anti-inflammatory effects through a 28% inhibition of NO production in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Conclusions: These results suggested that the extracts of Hericium erinaceus grown on germinated green rice could be a potential medicinal material with natural antioxidant and NO inhibitory properties.

Background : Aronia melanocarpa ‘Viking’ known as black chokeberry, is a species of rosaceae family. Chokeberry is high in flavonoid/anti-oxidants as well as high in vitamins and minerals. Black chokeberry contains high amount of polyphenols, especially anthocyanins. Methods and Results : The aim of this study is to figure out the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory property of Aronia melanocarpa ‘Viking’ (AMV) for both water and ethanol extract. The extracts have been tested to assess the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2ʹ-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and nitrite scavenging activity. We have also evaluated the reducing power activity of AMV. AMV extracts showed a good radical scavenging activity on DPPH and ABTS free radical. The DPPH radical scavenging activity ranges from 20.59% - 80.12% and 26.12% - 95.59% for water and ethanol extract, respectively. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents have also been estimated in this study. Moreover, to appraise the anti-inflammation property we examined cell viability and inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production by using the lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. The extracts showed no cytotoxic effects on RAW 264.7 cells. Conclusion : According to the results, we suggest AMV contains noticeable antioxidant properties and could be source of natural antioxidant substances.

Background : The interests in the consumption of red pepper (Capsicum annum L.) is, to a large extent due to its content of bioactive compounds and their importance as dietary antioxidants and Red pepper is commonly used as food material and a broad variety of medicinal applications, Therefore, we investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of red pepper. Methods and Results : This present study was evaluated the effect of red pepper ethanol and distilled water extracts on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Antioxidant activity of the extracts were evaluated by the assay of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and reducing power, along with the determination of total phenolic and flavonoid contents. The ethanol and the water extracts showed strong antioxidant activity by the testing methods. Total phenol content was high in ethanol extract, whereas total flavonoid content was high in water extract. The red pepper extract exhibited high scavenging activity against DPPH radicals and showed high reducing power. In vitro cytotoxic assay, red pepper extract showed noncytotoxic effect in the RAW 264.7 cells with or without LPS. The level of nitric oxide (NO) production induced by LPS decreased in a dose-dependent manner (0.25 ㎍/ ㎖ – 1.0 ㎎/㎖). Proinfllamatory cytokine level including TNF-ɑ and IL-6 decresed in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells by treating red pepper extracts. Conclusion : These results indicate that the ethanol and distilled water extracts of red pepper can be used as an anti-proliferative therapeutic agent or functional food.

Background: There is an increasing surplus of chestnut that are abandoned due to their failure to meet customer awareness. Thus, we investigated the anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects of chestnut (Castanea crenata) inner shell extracts in hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells as a potential source of anti-cancer materials. Methods and Results: Distilled water extract (CI-W) and ethanol extract (CI-E) were prepared from chestnut inner shell and evaluated their anti-proliferative effects in vitro. Each extract significantly decreased the cell viability of HepG2 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Indeed, the morphology of HepG2 cells treated with CI-W or CI-D was distorted to shrunken cell masses. Furthermore, it was revealed that their extracts induced cell death as evidenced by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), formation of apoptotic body and condensation. In addition, Their extracts clearly modulated the down regulated of Bcl-2 (anti-apoptoic)/ Bax (pro-apoptotic) family and cleaved caspase-3 as an effector caspase in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: These results indicate that the extracts of chestnut inner shell can be used as an anti-proliferative therapeutic agent or functional food.

Background: Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar, is a serious problem in diabetes. Hyperglycemia induces the generation of free radicals which disrupts insulin signaling and result in insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and hypoglycemic potentials of LBO-1 mixture. Methods and Results: To evaluate antioxidant effect of LBO-1 mixture, DPPH, ABTS and reducing power were performed. LBO-1 mixture scavenged DPPH free radicals and ABTS radicals in a dose-dependent manner. The total phenolic contents of LBO-1 mixture was determined by a regression equation using a calibration curve by gallic acid equivalents. The obtained total phenolic contents were 65.90 ± 0.52 ㎎/g. Phenolic components of plant extracts that can scavenge free radicals. In addition, we evaluated effects of LBO-1 mixture on glucose production in high glucose-induced HepG2 hepatocytes. LBO-1 mixture decreased glucose levels in cultured medium and it down regulated Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) levels which is an enzyme used in the metabolic pathway of gluconeogenesis. Conclusion: These results indicate that the LBO-1 mixture can be used as hypoglycemic agent.

Background : Capsaicin is an active component of chili peppers, which are plants belonging to the genus Capsicum. Research reported capsaicin has antioxidant and anti-inflamatory activity and osteoclast lineages are very susceptible to oxidative stress, as osteoclasts are produced by increased-generation of intracellular ROS and osteoclasts are activated by ROS. Therefore, our study was evaluated the influence of intracellular oxidative stress such as increased ROS level on RANKL-mediated osteoclast differenciation. Methods and Results : Capsaicin showed a good free radical scavenging activity at in-vitro antioxidant activity. The inhibitory effect of osteoclast differentiation on capsaicin was confirmed. Osteoclast differentiation from murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells was induced by RANKL. The effect of capsaicin on receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation was demonstrated using a tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) assay and TRAP staining. Capsaicin showed an inhibitory effect on TRAP activity. The TRAP staining showed that the number of TRAP positive osteoclasts was reduced in capsaicin-treated cells. Conclusion : Capsaicin revealed an inhibitory effect in osteoclast differentiation induced by RANKL. These results suggest that capsaicin may have a beneficial effect for the prevention or treatment of osteoclast caused bone diseases such as osteoporosis.

Background: Ganoderma lucidum cultured on hulled barley was investigated as a potential natural source of antioxidants and antiinflammatory agents. Methods and Results: The yields from Ganoderma lucidum cultured on hulled barley water and ethanol extract were 17.69% and 25.77%, respectively. The antioxidant activity of Ganoderma lucidum cultured on hulled barley extracts was confirmed by various methods including assayss of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzo thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), nitrite radical scavenging, and Fe3+ to Fe2+ reducing power activity. The ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum cultured on hulled barley showed improved DPPH, ABTS and nitrite radical scavenging activity compared with the water extract. After treatment of RAW264.7 cells with Ganoderma lucidum cultured on hulled barley ethanol extracts, the cell viability compared with the control was 92.82%, even at a concentration of 3,000 ㎍/㎖. The ethanol extract inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in RAW264.7 cells stimulated with H2O2, even at low concentrations. In addition, the ethanol extract showed an inhibitory effects on the production of lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide (NO) in RAW264.7 cells. Conclusions: This study suggests that the extract of Ganoderma lucidum cultured on hulled barley is a potential source of natural antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents.

Background : Lactuca sativa (LS) is a member of lactuca genus and the Asteraceae family. To its usual purpose as an edible leafy vegetable, lettuce has had a number of uses in ancient times as a medicinal herb. Depending on the variety, lettuce is an excellent source vitamin K and vitanin A. Methods and Results : The objective of this study is to find out the antioxidant and oxidative DNA damage prevention capacity of LS for both water and ethanol extract. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents have been estimated in this study. The extracts have been tested to assess the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2ʹ -azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and nitrite scavenging activity. We have also evaluated the reducing power activity of LS. LS extracts showed a good radical scavenging activity on DPPH and ABTS free radical as concentration dependent manner. The IC50 values on DPPH radical scavenging activity were 0.75 mg/mL and 0.54 mg/mL for water and ethanol extract respectively. ABTS radical scavenging activity ranges from 38-89 % for water extract and 33-96% for ethanol extract. Although ethanolic extract showed a higher radical scavenging activity as compared to the water extracts. All the extracts exhibited reducing power activity, dose dependently. Moreover, when the DNA was treated with the extracts, supercoiled DNA was restored in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusion : According to the results, we suggest that LS contains considerable amount of phenolic and flavonoid content and could be used as a source of natural antioxidant substances and oxidative DNA damage preventer.