목적 : 본 연구는 청소년의 스마트폰 중독 예방을 위한 인지행동 집단치료 프로그램의 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 청소년 스마트폰 중독 자가진단 척도(S 척도)에서 잠재적 위험군으로 분류된 중학생을 대상으로 Jo(2019)가 개발한 스마트폰 중독 예방 인지행동 집단프로그램을 실험-통제집단 사전-사후 설계방법 (pretest-posttest control group design)을 적용하여 실시하였다. 프로그램의 참여자는 8명으로 8주간 매주 1회 60분으로 8회기로 구성된 프로그램을 적용하였다. 프로그램의 효과를 알아보기 위하여 스마트폰 중독 수준 척도, 자기통제력 척도, 활동 참여 종류 및 수준 척도를 사용하였다. 각 집단 내 치료 전후의 유의 성을 알아보기 위해 윌콕슨 부호 순위 검정(Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test)으로 검증하였다. 결과 : 프로그램을 적용한 결과 실험집단은 스마트폰 중독 예방을 위한 인지행동 집단 치료 프로그램을 적 용 후 스마트폰 중독 수준이 감소하였고, 자기통제력은 통계적으로 유의미하게 증가하였으며, 활동에 대 한 흥미와 만족도가 증가하였다. 또한 활동의 참여 상황에서 혼자 하는 활동은 감소하고, 친구 및 가족 과 하는 활동이 증가하였으며, 학교에서의 활동도 증가하였다. 반면 통제집단은 스마트폰 중독 수준과 자기통제력, 활동에 대한 흥미, 만족도 및 활동의 참여 상황 모두 프로그램 전과 후 유의미한 차이를 보 이지 않았다. 결론 : 청소년의 스마트폰 중독 예방을 위한 인지행동 집단치료 프로그램은 학교 및 지역사회의 스마트폰 중독 청소년들에게 적용할 수 있으며, 스마트폰 중독 중재치료에 대한 근거기반치료를 제공할 수 있을 것이다.

The current study investigated the mediating effect of positive internet game expectancy on the relationship between behavioral activation system and internet game addiction to confirm whether the acquired preparedness model which has been verified in substance addiction field could be applied to internet game addiction field, then tested wether the effect is moderated by game refusal self-efficacy. 349 gamers aged 13 above participated this study. The results showed that the behavioral activation system boosted the positive game expectancy and then increased the risk of internet game addiction, but the effect was buffered by game refusal self-efficacy. Focused on the results, therapeutic suggestions about current study were discussed.

Retail therapy occurs when consumers shop to improve negative feelings rather than merely acquire a needed product (Kang & Johnson, 2011). Retailers in all channels enable consumers to have positive emotional responses by providing them with positive experiences. Pine and Gilmore (1999) identified four types of experiences sought by consumers: entertainment, education, escapism, and esthetics (i.e., 4Es). It is not known which, if any, of the 4Es motivate offline and online retail therapy shopping trips. Retail therapy shoppers may seek different benefits in open, online stores (where they have a great deal of freedom) versus closed, brick-and-mortar stores (where they are limited by time and space) (Bhate & Hannam, 2014). When retail therapy shoppers have experiences they desire, they should experience positive emotional reactions (i.e., pleasure, arousal) (Donovan & Rossiter, 1982). Furthermore, consumers who experience positive emotional reactions tend to display impulse buying behavior (Chang, Eckman, & Yan, 2011). Engaging in impulse buying while retail therapy shopping may encourage compulsive buying behavior (Kang & Johnson, 2011), the most severe form of which is shopping addiction (Edwards, 1993). Based on this collection of previous research, the following hypotheses were developed: H1: Among retail therapy shoppers, the amount of a) entertainment b) education, c) escapism, and d) esthetics sought will be significantly different between 1) offline stores and 2) online stores. H2: Retail therapy behavior will be positively related to level of a) pleasure and b) arousal experienced while shopping. H3a: Level of pleasure experienced while shopping will be positively related to impulse buying behavior. H3b. Level of arousal experienced while shopping will be positively related to impulse buying behavior. H4: Among retail therapy shoppers, impulse buying behavior will be positively related to shopping addiction behavior.Method Using Amazon’s MTurk, 409 consumers (62.6% female; 72.0% Caucasian; 36.5% 30-39 years old) were recruited for an online survey. Participants were first asked to indicate if they had experience shopping for clothing to improve their mood. Clothing was selected as the focus of the study because it is a gender-neutral product frequently purchased during retail therapy (Atalay & Meloy, 2011). Only participants who had engaged in retail therapy behavior were asked to complete the rest of the questionnaire. The next five sections of the questionnaire contained multi-item, 7-point, Likert-type scales previously used to assess the variables in the study. Demographic information was also collected. Results To test H1, a series of t-tests was conducted to compare the benefits sought by retail therapy shoppers in open and closed settings. The means for each of the 4 Es were significantly greater for the closed setting of the store than the open setting of the website. Therefore, H1 was supported. Two regression models were created to test H2a and b. The coefficients for retail therapy were positively and significantly related to pleasure (β = .87; t = 35.70; p < 0.000) and arousal (β = .85; t = 32.52; p < 0.00). Thus, H2a and b were both supported. To examine H3a and b, another regression model was created. The coefficients for pleasure (β = .25; t = 4.51; p < 0.00) and arousal (β = .64; t = 11.69; p < 0.00) were positive and significant. Thus, H3a and H3b were both supported. Lastly, to test H4, a final regression model was created. The coefficient for impulse buying behavior (β = .93; t = 51.49; p < 0.00) was positive and significant, supporting H4. Discussion The results of the present study shed light on retail therapy shopping behavior. Consumers do seek the 4Es when therapeutically shopping for clothing, and they seek the 4Es to a greater degree in closed, offline environments. Perhaps the need to delay gratification in offline stores raises expectations of experiences that can be received immediately in online stores. Participants experienced pleasure and arousal when engaging in retail therapy behavior, thereby supporting researchers (Kang & Johnson, 2011) who conceptualized retail therapy behavior as mood-alleviative consumption behavior. The positive emotions experienced while clothing shopping were related to retail therapy shoppers’ impulse buying behavior, which was positively related to shopping addiction. The success experienced by individuals who engage in shopping behavior to improve their mood seems to encourage future shopping trips to enhance positive emotions. Thus, a troubling pattern of overconsumption may develop if retail therapy shoppers do not find additional methods for mood-alleviation.