This study was conducted to investigate the seasonal occurrence of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Citrus leafminer; CLM) and parasitoids in Jeju region, where the damage of CLM to the citrus farm has been recently increased. For this study, annual CLM mornitoring using sex pheromone traps were conducted in the citrus farm of Jeju from 2011 to 2015. The mean annual occurrence of CLS was 477,389 and appeared to increase along the temperature.

The Citrus Leafminer (CLM) larvae creates shallow tunnels in leaves of citrus (orange, mandarins, lemons, grapefruit, etc) and commonly attacks citrus young leaves. They spread almost worldwide (North America, Asia, Australia, etc) and difficult to control by chemicals due to their small size and their behavior of leaf rolling. Due to difficult of managing, our interest is preparing pheromone to control; Z7Z11-16;Al is known as the sex pheromone of this species in Japan. While blending Z7Z11-16;Al and Z7Z11E13-16;Al (3:1 ratio) is known as the pheromone of this insect in North America. Even though commercialized and mass produced already in overseas, there had been almost no report in Korea about synthetic studies and field screening results. The control of the regio-isomers is very important in this kind of pheromone synthesis. Our strategy is the regio-selective Wittig olefination reaction between E-pent-2-enyl(triphenylphsphonium)bromide (phosphonium salt) and the counterpart aldehyde using sodium hexamethyldisilazide (NaHMDS) as a base. All the spectroscopic data (1H, 13C, GC-Mass, etc) are nicely matched with the previously reported values. The field screening in the Jeju island is currently ongoing and will be reported.

This study evaluates climate simulations performed over the CORDEX Phase 2 East Asia domain with a Regional Climate Model (RCM), Consortium for Small-scale Modelling (COSMO)- Climate Limited-area Modelling (CLM) (CCLM), driven by the European Centre for Medium- Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) Reanalysis (ERA)-Interim reanalysis. We focus on examining the influence of spectral nudging on East Asian climate simulations by comparing a control simulation to a simulation including spectral nudging. Spatio-temporal climatology of temperature and precipitation is well reproduced by CCLM with distinct regional patterns of systematic biases. Improvement of CCLM performance on East Asian climate simulation is identified when applying a spectral nudging technique. The use of spectral nudging alleviates systematic biases existing on horizontal winds and geopotential heights during summer and winter. Stronger reduction in systematic biases is found at lower troposphere during summer, partly explaining improvement of summer precipitation over the northeast Asia. Bias and RMSE analysis shows considerable improvement occurring in both climatology and inter-annual variability of summer precipitation and winter temperature over South Korea. Results from a Taylor diagram analysis reveal that CCLM reproduces the observed spatial patterns reasonably well for both summer and winter, and that spectral nudging improves spatial pattern simulations of horizontal winds and geopotential height at 850hPa during summer.